Krivotvorenje refers to the crime of falsifying a document, signature, banknote, artwork, or other item in order to deceive others. It is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant legal penalties. This article provides an in-depth examination of various forms of forgery recognized under UAE law, the corresponding legal provisions, and the severe punishments that await those found guilty of such offenses.
What is the Definition of Forgery under UAE Law?
Krivotvorenje je proces izrade, prilagođavanja ili imitacije predmeta ili dokumenata s namjerom da se obmane. To uključuje stvaranje nečeg lažnog kako bi se stekla prednost. To uključuje krivotvorenje novca, stvaranje lažnih umjetničkih djela, falsifikovanje potpisa na legalnoj dokumentaciji, mijenjanje čekova radi krađe novca i druge obmanjujuće djelatnost. It is defined under Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 (Penal Code) in Article 216.
Postoji nekoliko ključnih aspekata koji općenito razlikuju krivotvorine od kopija ili replikacija:
- Namjera prevare ili prevare – Falsifikati se stvaraju s lošom namjerom, a ne radi legitimne reprodukcije.
- Lažno predstavljanje – Falsifikatori će tvrditi da je njihov rad legitiman ili kreiran od strane nekog drugog.
- Promjena vrijednosti – Promjene se vrše kako bi se povećala vrijednost ili stvorila neka prednost.
Neki uobičajeni primjeri stavki koje ciljaju falsifikata include contracts, checks, currency, identification documents, historical artifacts, artworks, collectibles, and financial transaction records. The key point is that forgery usually involves official legal documents or instruments. Not every imitation qualifies as forgery – only those involving legal/money records falsified illegally.
What are the Different Types of Forgery Recognized in UAE?
Postoje brojne tehnike koje se koriste za stvaranje falsifikata zavisno od vrste predmeta koji se falsifikuje. Uobičajene vrste krivotvorenja uključuju:
Falsifikovanje dokumenata
To uključuje kreiranje lažnih dokumenata ili izmjenu informacija na legitimnim dokumentima u lažne svrhe. Uobičajeni ciljevi uključuju:
- Lični dokumenti – Vozačke dozvole, pasoši, kartice socijalnog osiguranja.
- Finansijska dokumenta – Čekovi, nalozi za plaćanje, zahtjevi za kredit.
- Pravna papirologija – Ugovori, testamenti, akti, studentska evidencija.
Tipične tehnike uključuju falsifikovanje, zamjena stranica, postavljanje novog teksta preko originalnih dokumenata, brisanje ili dodavanje informacija, praćenje potpisa iz drugih dokumenata.
Falsifikat potpisa
Falsifikat potpisa fokusira se posebno na falsifikovanje nečijeg jedinstvenog rukom pisanog imena. Uobičajeni ciljevi uključuju:
- Provjere – Promjena iznosa, imena primaoca ili falsifikovanje potpisa fioke.
- Pravni dokumenti – Falsifikovanje potpisa na testamentima, ugovorima, aktima.
- ilustracije – Dodavanje lažnih potpisa za povećanje vrijednosti.
- Istorijski predmeti – Lažno pripisivanje predmeta poznatim ličnostima.
Falsifikatori naučite pažljivo imitirati aspekte poput oblika slova, ritmova olovke, redoslijeda poteza i pritiska.
Krivotvorenje
Krivotvorenje uključuje izradu lažnih replika vrijednih predmeta s namjerom da se prevare preduzeća i potrošači. Ciljevi uključuju:
- valuta – Najviše falsifikovanih – novčanice od 100 dolara u SAD. Tiraž do 70 miliona dolara.
- Luksuzna roba – Kopiraju se dizajnerska odjeća, satovi, nakit.
- Kreditne/debitne kartice – Može se duplirati sa ukradenim podacima.
- ulaznice – Lažna putovanja, karte za događaje koje se prodaju online.
Sofisticirani štampači i nove sigurnosne karakteristike čine moderne krivotvorine vrlo uvjerljivim.
Art Forgery
Umetnički falsifikat odnosi se na stvaranje djela sličnih onima renomiranih umjetnika i predstavljanje ih kao originalne slike ili skulpture. Motivi uključuju prestiž, validaciju i ogromnu zaradu od željnih kolekcionara umjetnina spremnih da plate ogromne sume za rijetke, izgubljene komade.
Falsifikatori godine posvećujem istraživanju materijala, tehnika i stilova umjetnika. Mnogi i sami imaju značajan umjetnički talenat, pedantno proučavaju uzorke poteza, kistove, krekelurne šare boje i repliciraju lažne koji mogu zavarati vrhunske stručnjake.
Falsifikovanje digitalnih medija
Napredak u tehnologiji omogućio je krivotvorenje digitalnih medija uključujući slike, video, audio, web stranice i još mnogo toga. Uspon deepfakes demonstrira moćne tehnike vođene umjetnom inteligencijom za stvaranje uvjerljivih lažnih videa ljudi koji rade ili govore stvari koje zapravo nikada nisu radili.
Druge uobičajene tehnike uključuju fotošoping slika, manipulisanje audio isječcima, lažiranje web stranica, izmjenu skeniranih dokumenata ili izradu snimaka ekrana i logotipa. Oni se mogu koristiti za klevetu, dezinformacije, phishing napade, krađu identiteta i online prevare.
Seal Forgery
Seal forgery is a specific type of forgery that involves the unauthorized creation, replication, or alteration of official seals or stamps used by government entities, organizations, or businesses. These seals serve as a means of validating the authenticity and legitimacy of important documents, contracts, certificates, and other official records.
The gravity of seal forgery lies in its potential to undermine the credibility and integrity of these essential documents. By creating counterfeit seals or modifying existing ones, perpetrators can produce forged documents that appear genuine, potentially leading to legal, financial, or reputational consequences for individuals or organizations.
What is the difference Between Forgery and Falsification?
| aspekt | Krivotvorenje | Falsifikacija |
|---|---|---|
| definicija | Creating a false document, object or imitation from scratch with intent to deceive or defraud, as defined in Article 216 of the UAE Penal Code. | Altering or tampering with an originally genuine document or object in order to misrepresent facts, as per Article 215. |
| Primjeri | Counterfeiting currency, fake university degrees, forged artwork, false identities or signatures. | Modifying official reports, changing contract terms, adulterating product labels or specifications. |
| namjera | Clear intent to deceive by creating something completely false. | Intent to misrepresent the truth by altering genuine items. |
| kazne | Temporary imprisonment and/or fine. For expatriates, deportation may apply in some cases. | Detention, fine and/or deportation depending on severity. Harsher for public officials. |
| Podudarnost | If falsification occurs during the forgery process, both crimes are punishable separately. | If forgery is part of the falsification process, both are considered one crime with combined penalty. |
| Izuzeci | Some exemptions for artworks, satire or when no fraudulent intent. | Very limited exemptions apply. |
| Other Crimes | Often linked to fraud, using forged documents, etc. | May also involve abuse of office or other violations. |
The main distinction is that forgery starts from scratch to create something completely false, while falsification deceitfully modifies genuine documents or objects. UAE laws address both crimes severely to uphold integrity.
What are the Punishments for Forgery in UAE?
Forgery offenses in the UAE are dealt with sternly, and penalties can be severe based on the type of crime committed. Here are the potential punishments for selected forgery offenses:
Falsifikovanje dokumenata
- For official documents: Temporary jail time up to 10 years (UAE Penal Code Article 251)
- For unofficial documents: Court-determined imprisonment, less severe than official document forgery
- Using forged document copies: Up to 5 years behind bars (UAE Penal Code Article 217)
Falsifikat potpisa
- Replicating signatures on documents falls under the punishments for document forgery crimes
Krivotvorenje
- Counterfeiting currency is considered highly disruptive to the financial system
- Harsh sentences including lengthy imprisonment and steep fines apply
Art Forgery
- Penalties vary based on the value of the forged artwork and intent (deceiving buyers, tarnishing artist’s reputation)
- Can range from monetary fines to incarceration, depending on the specifics
Falsifikovanje digitalnih medija
- Under Federal Decree-Law No. 34/2021:
- Forging federal/local govt electronic documents: Temporary jail time and AED 150,000-750,000 fine
- Forging documents of other entities: Detention and/or AED 100,000-300,000 fine
Seal Forgery
- Considered part of document forgery offenses
- Subject to the punishments outlined for document forgery crimes
It’s clear the UAE takes a zero-tolerance approach to any kind of forgery, with penalties aimed at preventing such unlawful acts that undermine authenticity and trust.
Sprečavanje falsifikata
Smanjenje incidenata prevara zahtijeva sveobuhvatnu, slojevitu prevenciju usmjerenu na:
Osiguranje dokumenata
- Sigurno čuvajte osjetljive predmete – sefove, kutije za zaključavanje, šifrirane diskove.
- Ograničite fizički/digitalni pristup zaključanim kancelarijama, politikama lozinki.
- Zaposliti nadzorne kamere, alarme, sigurnosno osoblje.
Tehnologija provjere autentičnosti
- Biometrija – otisci prstiju, prepoznavanje lica i šarenice.
- Blockchain – distribuirana knjiga za digitalne transakcije.
- Digitalni potpisi – šifrirani identifikatori koji potvrđuju autentičnost.
Obrazovanje korisnika
- Obučite osoblje za uočavanje falsifikata – identificirati izmijenjene dokumente, vodene žigove, verifikacione znakove.
- Promovirajte kampanje podizanja svijesti o prevarama koje objašnjavaju rizike i politike prevencije.
Pažljivo zapošljavanje
- Temeljno provjerite osoblje prije nego što odobrite dokument ili finansijski pristup.
- Sprovedite provjere kriminalne prošlosti, kreditne provjere, potvrdu zaposlenja.
Tehnike otkrivanja falsifikata
Istražitelji i dokumentiraju nekoliko forenzičkih tehnika ispitivači da se utvrdi da li su predmeti originalni ili falsifikata:
- Analiza rukopisa – Upoređivanje fontova, nagiba, crta poteza, pritiska i navika potpisivanja.
- Analiza papira – Proučavanje vodenih žigova, logotipa, hemijskog sastava i poravnanja vlakana.
- Verifikacija mastilom – Ispitivanje boje, hemijskog sastava, skupljene debljine.
- Imaging – Mikroskopi, spektrometrija, ESDA testovi i softver za kompjutersko snimanje.
Rukopis i dokument stručnjaci proći opsežnu obuku za sistematsku analizu karakteristika pisanja i sigurnosnih karakteristika modema. Oni pružaju detaljne izvještaje o svojim ispitivanjima i zaključke u vezi sa autentičnošću.
Za velika umjetnička djela koja koštaju stotine hiljada ili djela sumnjivog porijekla, vlasnici koriste naučnu analizu kako bi potvrdili porijeklo i otkrili potencijal falsifikata. Testovi provjeravaju materijale, stare slojeve prljavštine i prljavštine, pečate na platnu, radioizotopsko datiranje i segmentnu infracrvenu spektroskopiju ispitujući više slojeva boje.
What is the Procedure for Filing a Forgery Case in Dubai?
If you suspect that you are a victim of forgery in Dubai, you can file a case with the Dubai Police. The first step is to go to the nearest police station and file an official complaint. Be prepared to provide details about the incident, any evidence you may have, such as forged documents or objects, and any information about the suspected perpetrator(s).
After lodging the complaint, the police will investigate the matter thoroughly. They may request additional documentation or evidence from you, and may also summon the accused for questioning. Depending on the complexity of the case, the investigation process can take some time.
Once the police have gathered sufficient evidence, they will forward the case to the Public Prosecution. The prosecutor will then review the case and decide whether to press charges or not. If charges are filed, the case will proceed to the Dubai Courts, where it will be tried according to the UAE’s laws on forgery. It’s advisable to seek legal counsel to guide you through the judicial process.
How a Specialized Lawyer can help?
Navigating a forgery case in the UAE can be an intricate and daunting process, given the serious nature of the offense and the complexities involved in the country’s legal system. Seeking assistance from a lawyer who specializes in handling forgery cases can prove to be invaluable in such situations.
A specialized lawyer will possess in-depth knowledge and a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, court procedures, and evidentiary requirements specific to forgery offenses. They can provide expert guidance on building a strong case, gathering and presenting evidence effectively, and representing you competently in court. Their familiarity with the nuances of such cases can be crucial in formulating the right legal strategies.
Moreover, an experienced forgery lawyer can offer valuable insights into the potential outcomes and consequences of the case, enabling you to make informed decisions. They can also negotiate with the authorities on your behalf, advocate for your rights, and ensure that the legal process is fair and transparent. Their expertise in handling similar cases can significantly increase your chances of achieving a favorable resolution.
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