Forfalskning refers to the crime of falsifying a document, signature, banknote, artwork, or other item in order to deceive others. It is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant legal penalties. This article provides an in-depth examination of various forms of forgery recognized under UAE law, the corresponding legal provisions, and the severe punishments that await those found guilty of such offenses.
What is the Definition of Forgery under UAE Law?
Forfalskning er processen med at lave, tilpasse eller efterligne genstande eller dokumenter med den hensigt at bedrage. Det involverer at skabe noget falsk for at opnå en fordel. Dette omfatter forfalskning af penge, skabelse af falske kunstværker, forfalskning af underskrifter på juridiske papirer, ændring af checks for at stjæle penge og andet vildledende aktiviteter. It is defined under Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 (Penal Code) in Article 216.
Der er et par nøgleaspekter, der generelt adskiller forfalskninger fra kopier eller replikationer:
- Hensigt om at bedrage eller bedrage - Forfalskninger er skabt med dårlige hensigter snarere end til legitim reproduktion.
- Falsk fremstilling – Forfalskere vil hævde, at deres arbejde er legitimt eller skabt af en anden.
- Værdiændring – Ændringer er lavet for at øge værdien eller skabe nogle fordele.
Nogle almindelige eksempler på emner målrettet af falsknere include contracts, checks, currency, identification documents, historical artifacts, artworks, collectibles, and financial transaction records. The key point is that forgery usually involves official legal documents or instruments. Not every imitation qualifies as forgery – only those involving legal/money records falsified illegally.
What are the Different Types of Forgery Recognized in UAE?
Der er en række teknikker, der bruges til at skabe forfalskninger afhængig af typen af vare, der forfalskes. Almindelige typer forfalskning omfatter:
Dokumentfalsk
Dette involverer oprettelse af falske dokumenter eller ændring af oplysninger om legitime dokumenter til svigagtige formål. Fælles mål inkluderer:
- Identitetsdokumenter – Kørekort, pas, socialsikringskort.
- Finansielle dokumenter – Checks, betalingsordrer, låneansøgninger.
- Juridisk papirarbejde – Kontrakter, testamenter, skøder, elevoptegnelser.
Typiske teknikker omfatter forfalskning, sideerstatning, lægning af ny tekst over ægte dokumenter, sletning eller tilføjelse af information, sporing af signaturer fra andre dokumenter.
Signaturforfalskning
Signaturforfalskning fokuserer specifikt på at forfalske en persons unikke håndskrevne navn. Fælles mål inkluderer:
- Kontrol – Ændring af beløb, betalingsmodtagernavn eller forfalskning af skuffeunderskrift.
- Juridiske dokumenter – Forfalskning af underskrifter på testamenter, kontrakter, skøder.
- Artwork – Tilføjelse af falske signaturer for at øge værdien.
- Historiske genstande - Fejlagtigt at tilskrive genstande til berømte figurer.
Forfalskere lære omhyggeligt at efterligne aspekter som bogstavformer, pennerytmer, stregrækkefølge og tryk.
Varemærkeforfalskning
Varemærkeforfalskning involverer at lave falske kopier af værdifulde genstande med det formål at bedrage virksomheder og forbrugere. Mål omfatter:
- Valuta – Mest forfalskede – $100-sedler i USA. Op til $70 millioner i cirkulation.
- Luksusvarer – Designertøj, ure, smykker bliver kopieret.
- Kredit-/debetkort – Kan duplikeres med stjålne data.
- Billetter – Falske rejser, billetter til begivenheder, der sælges online.
Sofistikerede printere og nye sikkerhedsfunktioner gør moderne forfalskninger meget overbevisende.
Kunstforfalskning
Kunstfalsk refererer til at skabe værker svarende til kendte kunstneres og udgive dem som originale malerier eller skulpturer. Motiver inkluderer prestige, validering og enorme overskud fra ivrige kunstsamlere, der er villige til at betale enorme summer for sjældne, tabte stykker.
Forfalskere dedikere år på at forske i kunstneres materialer, teknikker og stilarter. Mange har selv et betydeligt kunstnerisk talent, og studerer omhyggeligt stregmønstre, penselarbejde, craquelure-mønstre af maling og replikerer forfalskninger, der kan bedrage topeksperter.
Forfalskning af digitale medier
Fremskridt inden for teknologi har gjort det muligt at forfalske digitale medier, herunder billeder, video, lyd, websteder og mere. Fremkomsten af deepfakes demonstrerer kraftfulde AI-drevne teknikker til at skabe overbevisende falske videoer af folk, der gør eller siger ting, de faktisk aldrig har gjort.
Andre almindelige teknikker omfatter fotoshopping af billeder, manipulering af lydklip, spoofing af websteder, ændring af scannede dokumenter eller fremstilling af skærmbilleder og logoer. Disse kan bruges til bagvaskelse, misinformation, phishing-angreb, identitetstyveri og online-svindel.
Seal Forgery
Seal forgery is a specific type of forgery that involves the unauthorized creation, replication, or alteration of official seals or stamps used by government entities, organizations, or businesses. These seals serve as a means of validating the authenticity and legitimacy of important documents, contracts, certificates, and other official records.
The gravity of seal forgery lies in its potential to undermine the credibility and integrity of these essential documents. By creating counterfeit seals or modifying existing ones, perpetrators can produce forged documents that appear genuine, potentially leading to legal, financial, or reputational consequences for individuals or organizations.
What is the difference Between Forgery and Falsification?
| Aspect | Forfalskning | Falsifikation |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Creating a false document, object or imitation from scratch with intent to deceive or defraud, as defined in Article 216 of the UAE Penal Code. | Altering or tampering with an originally genuine document or object in order to misrepresent facts, as per Article 215. |
| Eksempler | Counterfeiting currency, fake university degrees, forged artwork, false identities or signatures. | Modifying official reports, changing contract terms, adulterating product labels or specifications. |
| Intent | Clear intent to deceive by creating something completely false. | Intent to misrepresent the truth by altering genuine items. |
| sanktioner | Temporary imprisonment and/or fine. For expatriates, deportation may apply in some cases. | Detention, fine and/or deportation depending on severity. Harsher for public officials. |
| konkurrence | If falsification occurs during the forgery process, both crimes are punishable separately. | If forgery is part of the falsification process, both are considered one crime with combined penalty. |
| Undtagelser | Some exemptions for artworks, satire or when no fraudulent intent. | Very limited exemptions apply. |
| Other Crimes | Often linked to fraud, using forged documents, etc. | May also involve abuse of office or other violations. |
The main distinction is that forgery starts from scratch to create something completely false, while falsification deceitfully modifies genuine documents or objects. UAE laws address both crimes severely to uphold integrity.
What are the Punishments for Forgery in UAE?
Forgery offenses in the UAE are dealt with sternly, and penalties can be severe based on the type of crime committed. Here are the potential punishments for selected forgery offenses:
Dokumentfalsk
- For official documents: Temporary jail time up to 10 years (UAE Penal Code Article 251)
- For unofficial documents: Court-determined imprisonment, less severe than official document forgery
- Using forged document copies: Up to 5 years behind bars (UAE Penal Code Article 217)
Signaturforfalskning
- Replicating signatures on documents falls under the punishments for document forgery crimes
Varemærkeforfalskning
- Counterfeiting currency is considered highly disruptive to the financial system
- Harsh sentences including lengthy imprisonment and steep fines apply
Kunstforfalskning
- Penalties vary based on the value of the forged artwork and intent (deceiving buyers, tarnishing artist’s reputation)
- Can range from monetary fines to incarceration, depending on the specifics
Forfalskning af digitale medier
- Under Federal Decree-Law No. 34/2021:
- Forging federal/local govt electronic documents: Temporary jail time and AED 150,000-750,000 fine
- Forging documents of other entities: Detention and/or AED 100,000-300,000 fine
Seal Forgery
- Considered part of document forgery offenses
- Subject to the punishments outlined for document forgery crimes
It’s clear the UAE takes a zero-tolerance approach to any kind of forgery, with penalties aimed at preventing such unlawful acts that undermine authenticity and trust.
Forebyggelse af forfalskninger
Reduktion af svindelhændelser kræver omfattende, lagdelt forebyggelse med fokus på:
Sikring af dokumenter
- Opbevar følsomme genstande sikkert – pengeskabe, låsebokse, krypterede drev.
- Begræns fysisk/digital adgang med aflåste kontorer, adgangskodepolitikker.
- Ansæt overvågningskameraer, alarmer, sikkerhedspersonale.
Autentificeringsteknologi
- Biometri – fingeraftryk, ansigts- og irisgenkendelse.
- Blockchain – distribueret hovedbog for digitale transaktioner.
- Digitale signaturer – krypterede identifikatorer, der bekræfter ægtheden.
Brugeruddannelse
- Træn personale til at spotte forfalskninger – identificere ændrede dokumenter, vandmærker, verifikationsskilte.
- Fremme oplysningskampagner om svindel, der forklarer risici og forebyggelsespolitikker.
Omhyggelig ansættelse
- Undersøg personalet grundigt, før du giver dokument eller økonomisk adgang.
- Udfør kriminel baggrundstjek, kredittjek, ansættelsesbekræftelse.
Forfalskningsdetektionsteknikker
Adskillige retsmedicinske teknikker bliver brugt af efterforskere og dokumenterer eksaminatorer for at afgøre, om varer er ægte eller forfalskninger:
- Håndskriftsanalyse – Sammenligning af skrifttyper, skråninger, stregmønstre, tryk og underskriftsvaner.
- Papiranalyse – At studere vandmærker, logoer, kemisk sammensætning og fiberjustering.
- Blækbekræftelse – Test af farve, kemisk makeup, samlet tykkelse.
- Imaging – Mikroskoper, spektrometri, ESDA-tests og computerbilleddannelsessoftware.
Håndskrift og dokument eksperter gennemgå omfattende træning for systematisk at analysere skriveegenskaber og modemsikkerhedsfunktioner. De giver detaljerede rapporter om deres undersøgelser og konklusioner vedrørende ægthed.
For større kunstværker, der koster hundredtusindvis eller værker med tvivlsom herkomst, bruger ejere videnskabelig analyse til at autentificere oprindelse og afdække potentiale forfalskninger. Tests kontrollerer materialer, ælder snavs og snavs, lærredsstempler, radioisotopdatering og segment infrarød spektroskopi, der undersøger flere malingslag.
What is the Procedure for Filing a Forgery Case in Dubai?
If you suspect that you are a victim of forgery in Dubai, you can file a case with the Dubai Police. The first step is to go to the nearest police station and file an official complaint. Be prepared to provide details about the incident, any evidence you may have, such as forged documents or objects, and any information about the suspected perpetrator(s).
After lodging the complaint, the police will investigate the matter thoroughly. They may request additional documentation or evidence from you, and may also summon the accused for questioning. Depending on the complexity of the case, the investigation process can take some time.
Once the police have gathered sufficient evidence, they will forward the case to the Public Prosecution. The prosecutor will then review the case and decide whether to press charges or not. If charges are filed, the case will proceed to the Dubai Courts, where it will be tried according to the UAE’s laws on forgery. It’s advisable to seek legal counsel to guide you through the judicial process.
How a Specialized Lawyer can help?
Navigating a forgery case in the UAE can be an intricate and daunting process, given the serious nature of the offense and the complexities involved in the country’s legal system. Seeking assistance from a lawyer who specializes in handling forgery cases can prove to be invaluable in such situations.
A specialized lawyer will possess in-depth knowledge and a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, court procedures, and evidentiary requirements specific to forgery offenses. They can provide expert guidance on building a strong case, gathering and presenting evidence effectively, and representing you competently in court. Their familiarity with the nuances of such cases can be crucial in formulating the right legal strategies.
Moreover, an experienced forgery lawyer can offer valuable insights into the potential outcomes and consequences of the case, enabling you to make informed decisions. They can also negotiate with the authorities on your behalf, advocate for your rights, and ensure that the legal process is fair and transparent. Their expertise in handling similar cases can significantly increase your chances of achieving a favorable resolution.
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