Chii chinonzi Criminal Law uye Civil Law: A Comprehensive Overview

Mutemo wemhosva uye mutemo wenyika zvikamu zviviri zvakafara zvemutemo zvine misiyano mikuru. Gwaro rino richatsanangura kuti chikamu chega chega chemutemo chinosanganisirei, kusiyana kwacho, uye kuti sei zvakakosha kuti veruzhinji vazvinzwisise zviri zviviri.

Chii chinonzi Criminal Law?

Mutemo wemhosva ndiwo bumbiro remitemo rinobata nawo mhosva uye anopa chirango chemhosva. Kutyorwa kwemutemo wemhosva kunorangarirwa kuva kune ngozi kana kuti kunokuvadza nzanga yose zvayo.

Zvimwe zvakakosha zvekuziva nezvemutemo wemhosva:

• Zvinotevedzwa nehurumende kuburikidza nemasangano ezvemitemo akaita semapurisa, matare edzimhosva, hurongwa hwekutsiurwa kwevapari vemhosva uye masangano anodzora.
• Kutyora mutemo wemhosva kunogona kuguma nefaindi, kuongororwa, kushanda munharaunda kana kusungwa.
• Muchuchisi anofanira kuratidza “kunze kwekukahadzika” kuti mupomerwi akapara mhosva. Uyu mwero wepamusoro wehumbowo uripo kuchengetedza kodzero dzeanopomerwa.
• Mhando dzemhosva zvinosanganisira kuba, kurova, kutyaira wakadhakwa, mhirizhonga mudzimba nekuponda. Mhosva dzewhite-collar dzakaita sekuba embezzlement uye kutengeserana mukati zvakare dzinowira pasi pemutemo wetsotsi.

Mapato ari muCriminal Case

Kune akati wandei akakosha mapato anobatanidzwa mumhosva yemhosva:

• Kuchuchisa: Gweta kana chikwata chemagweta anomirira hurumende. Anowanzonzi magweta edunhu kana magweta enyika.
• Mudziviriri: Munhu kana sangano rinotarisana nemhosva, rinowanzozivikanwa seanopomerwa. Vanopomerwa vane kodzero yekuva gweta uye kutaura kuti havana mhosva kusvika vawanikwa vaine mhosva.
• Mutongi Munhu anotungamira dare redzimhosva uye anoona kuti mitemo nemaitiro emutemo zvinotevedzwa.
• Jury: Mumhaka dzakakomba zvikuru dzoutsotsi, boka revagari vemo vasingasaruri richanzwa ufakazi ndokusarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka.

Matanho eCriminal Case

Mhosva yemhosva inowanzofamba nematanho anotevera:

1. Kusungwa: Mapurisa anosunga munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye akapara mhosva. Vanofanira kuva nechikonzero chinobvira chokusunga.
2. Booking uye Bail: Mudziviriri ane mhosva yake yaiswa, "anoshamiswa" uye anogona kuva nesarudzo yekubvisa bhero kuti asunungurwe pamberi pekutongwa kwavo.
3. Kutongwa Mupomerwi anopomerwa zviri pamutemo uye anopinza chikumbiro chake pamberi pemutongi.
4. Pretrial Motions: Magweta anogona kupokana nenyaya dzemutemo seumboo hunopikisa kana kukumbira shanduko yenzvimbo.
5. Muedzo: Muchuchisi nekuzvidzivirira zvinopa humbowo uye zvapupu kuratidza mhosva kana kuratidza kusava nemhosva.
6. Mutongo: Kana akawanikwa ane mhosva, mutongi anogadza chirango mukati memitemo yekutonga. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira faindi, kutongwa, kudzoserwa kwevakabatwa, kusungwa kana kunyange mutongo werufu. Vanopomerwa vanogona kukwidza nyaya.

Chii chinonzi Civil Law?

Nepo mutemo wematsotsi wakanangana nekuparwa kwemhosva munharaunda, mutemo wenyika inobata nemakakatanwa ega pakati pevanhu kana masangano.

Heino mhedziso:

• Inovhara nyaya dzisiri dzematsotsi senge kusawirirana pamusoro pezvinoreva zvibvumirano, kukakavadzana kwekukuvara kwevanhu, kana kutyorwa kwezvibvumirano zvekurenda.
• Chiyero chehumbowo chakaderera pane mutemo wemhosva, wakavakirwa pa "kuwedzeredza kwehumbowo" pane "kunze kwekupokana kune musoro."
• Inotsvaga kupa kukuvadzwa kwemari kana mirairo yedare pane kusungwa, kunyangwe faindi inogona kuguma.
• Mienzaniso inosanganisira nyaya dzematarenda, kukakavadzana kwemaroja nevaridzi vemba, hondo dzekuchengeta vana uye nyaya dzekutyora kodzero yemvumo.

Mapato mune Civil Case

Mapato makuru mumatare edzimhosva ndeaya:

• Mumhan'ari: Munhu kana sangano rinomhan'ara mhosva. Vanoti ma damages akakonzerwa nemupomerwi.
• Mudziviriri: Munhu kana sangano riri kumhan'arirwa, rinofanirwa kupindura kune chichemo. Mupomeri anogona kugadzirisa kana kupikisa zvaari kupomerwa.
• Mutongi/Jury: Mhosva dzevagari vemo hadzisanganisi zvirango zvemhosva, saka hapana vimbiso yekodzero yekutongwa kwevatongi. Nekudaro, mapato ese ari maviri anogona kukumbira kuti ataure nyaya yavo pamberi pedare rinoona mhosva kana mubairo wekukuvadzwa. Vatongi vanosarudza mibvunzo yemutemo unoshanda.

Matanho eCivil Case

Nguva yekutongwa kwevagari vemo inowanzotevera matanho aya:

1. Chichemo Chakaiswa: Mhosva yacho inotanga kana mumhan'ari achinge anyora mapepa, kusanganisira neruzivo rwekukuvadza kwaanopomerwa.
2. Discovery process: Iyo nhanho yekuunganidza humbowo iyo inogona kusanganisira deposits, kubvunzurudza, kugadzira zvinyorwa uye zvikumbiro zvekubvumidzwa.
3. Pretrial Motions: Sezvinoitwa nedare remhosva, mapato anogona kukumbira mitongo kana kusabatanidzwa kweumboo kutongwa kusati kwatanga.
4. Muedzo: Rimwe divi rinogona kukumbira kutongwa kwebhenji (mutongi chete) kana kutongwa kwejury. Kutongwa kwenyaya hakuna pamutemo pane kutongwa kwemhosva.
5. Mutongo: Mutongi kana jury anosarudza kana mupomerwi ane mhosva uye mubairo unokuvadza kumumhan'ari kana zvakakodzera.
6. Maitiro ekukwidza nyaya: Anenge akundwa anogona kukwidza mutongo wacho kudare repamusoro uye okumbira kutongwa patsva.

Kuenzanisa Zvimiro zveCriminal uye Civil Law

Nepo mitemo yematsotsi neyevanhu ichimbopindirana munzvimbo dzakaita sekutorwa kweasset, inoshanda zvinangwa zvakasiyana uye ine misiyano mikuru:

chikamu	Criminal Law	Mutemo weHurumende
chinangwa	Dzivirira nzanga kubva pamaitiro ane ngozi Ranga kutyorwa kwetsika dzeveruzhinji	Gadzirisai makakatanwa epachivande Ipa rubatsiro rwemari kune zvakakuvadzwa
Mapati Akabatanidzwa	Vachuchisi vehurumende vs musungwa	Mumhan'ari ari oga vs mumhan'ari (va)
Mutoro Wouchapupu	Kunze kwekusava nechokwadi kune musoro	Preponderance yeuchapupu
Migumisiro	Fines, probation, mujeri	Kukuvadzwa kwemari, mirairo yedare
Kutanga Chiito	Mapurisa anosunga munhu anofungirwa / Hurumende inotsikirira mhosva	Mumhan'ari anonyora zvichemo
Chiyero cheMhosho	Kuita kwaive nemaune kana kusava nehanya zvakanyanya	Kuratidza kuregeredza kazhinji zvakakwana

Nepo nyaya dzechivanhu dzichipa mibairo yemari kana mupomerwi akawanikwa aine mhosva, mhosva dzematsotsi dzinoranga kukanganisa kwevanhu nefaindi kana kupfigirwa mujeri kudzivirira kukanganisa mune ramangwana. Ose ari maviri anoita mabasa akakosha asi akasiyana mukati mehutongi hwejekerere.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Yechokwadi

Zvinobatsira kutarisa mienzaniso yepasirese chaiyo kuona kupatsanurana pakati pemutemo wehurumende newamatsotsi:

• OJ Simpson akatarisana mhosva mhosva dzekuponda nekurova - kutyora mabasa eruzhinji kusauraya kana kukuvadza. Akanzi haana mhosva asi akarasika civil mhosva yemhosva yakamhan'arirwa nemhuri dzevakabatwa, ichimuraira kuti abhadhare mamirioni ekufa kusina kururama kunokonzerwa nekuregeredza.
• Martha Stewart akaita zvekutengesa mukati - a mhosva nyaya yakaunzwa neSEC. Akatarisanawo ne civil mhosva kubva kune vagovani vachiti varasikirwa kubva kune ruzivo rusina kufanira.
• Kufaira a civil mhosva yekukuvadzwa kwemunhu yekukuvadza kune mutyairi akadhakwa akakonzera kukuvara kwemuviri mukudhumhana kwaizove kwakasiyana zvachose kubva kune chero mhosva mhosva dzemutemo dzakatsimbirira mutyairi.

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Sei Kunzwisisa Civil uye Criminal Law Nyaya

Mugari wepakati anogona kudyidzana kakawanda nemitemo yehurumende maererano nenyaya dzakadai sezvibvumirano, zvido, kana inishuwarenzi mitemo kupfuura mitemo yemhosva. Nekudaro, kuziva izvo zvekutanga zvehutongo hwemhosva uye maitiro ematare edzimhosva zvinosimudzira kutora chikamu kwevanhu, kuronga hupenyu, uye neruzivo rwehurukuro yeruzhinji.

Kune avo vanoshuvira kushanda mukati mehurongwa hwemutemo, kuwana mukana wakakwana wedzidziso dzemutemo wehurumende nedzematsotsi muchikoro kunogadzirira vadzidzi kushandira nzanga uye kuwana kururamisira kuburikidza nemabasa akasiyana sereverero yemutemo, kuronga zvivakwa, mutemo wehurumende, uye kutevedzera makambani.

Pakupedzisira, mubatanidzwa wemitemo yehurumende neyematsotsi inoumba nzanga yakarongeka apo vanhu vanobvumirana nemitemo inovimbisa kuchengeteka uye kuenzana. Kujairana nechimiro kunopa vagari simba rekushandisa kodzero dzavo nemabasa avo.

Zvitsva Zvitsva:

• Mutemo wekuparwa kwemhosva unobata mhosva dzinopesana nezvakanaka zveveruzhinji zvinogona kuguma nekusungwa - zvinotevedzwa nehurumende kune anopomerwa mhosva.
• Mutemo wehurumende unotarisira kukakavadzana kwepachivande kwakanangana nekugadzirisa mari - kutangwa kuburikidza nekunyunyuta pakati pevamhan'ari nevanopomerwa.
• Kunyange zvazvo vachishanda zvakasiyana, mitemo yemhosva uye yehurumende inopindirana kuchengetedza kugarisana kwevanhu, kuchengeteka uye kugadzikana.

Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Ndeipi mimwe mienzaniso yakajairika yematare emhosva?

Mamwe emhosva dzinowanzopomerwa dzinosanganisira kurova, kubatirwa, kuba, kupisa, kuba zvitoro, kuba, kusabhadhara mutero, kutengesa mukati, chiokomuhomwe, mhosva dzemakombiyuta, mhosva dzeruvengo, kuponda, kuuraya, chibharo uye kubata kana kugovera zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo.

Ndezvipi zvinogona kuitika kune vanobatwa nemhosva?

Zvirango zvakajairika zvinosanganisira kutongwa, kushandira nharaunda, kupa zano rekuvandudza kana kunyoresa muchirongwa chedzidzo, kusungwa mumba, nguva yejeri, kurapwa kwehutano hwepfungwa, faindi, kutorerwa midziyo, uye mumatambudziko akaomarara kusungwa kana mutongo werufu. Zvibvumirano zvekukumbira zvinopa kukurudzira kune vanopomerwa kuti vadzivise kutongerwa mhosva vachichinjana nekurudziro yekupihwa mutongo mudiki.

Ndeupi muenzaniso wekupindirana kwemutemo wehutsotsi nemagariro?

Muenzaniso ndewekuti munhu kana kambani ikaita chitsotsi, ichityora mitemo yeutsotsi maererano nekunyepa, kutaura manyepo, kana kukanganisa accounting. Vatongi vanogona kumhan'ara mhosva vachikumbira kutongerwa mhosva uye zvirango senge nguva yejeri kana kuparara kwekambani. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanobatwa nehunhu hwekubiridzira vanogona kumhan'ara kumatare edzimhosva kuti vadzore kurasikirwa kwemari muzvinhu zvakaita sezvibatiso kana hutsotsi hwewaya. Mishonga yehurumende yakasiyana nechirango chemhosva.

Chii chinoitika mumatare edzimhosva?

Mumatare edzimhosva, mumhan’ari anomhan’ara achitsanangura kuti vakatadzirwa sei, achikumbira kuti dare ripe mubairo wemari kana kuti anoda kuti mupomerwi arege kuita zvinokuvadza. Mumhan’ari anozopindura chichemo nedivi ravo. Pamberi pekutongwa, mapato anoongororwa kuti atore magwaro akakodzera uye uchapupu. Pamabhenji kana kutongwa kwevatongi pacharo, mativi ese ari maviri anopa humbowo hunotsigira shanduro yavo yezviitiko kuratidza kana kuramba mhosva yekukuvadza kwakakodzera muripo kana kupindira kwedare.

Chii chinoitika kana mumwe munhu akarasikirwa nedare rehurumende?

Kugadziriswa mumatare edzimhosva kazhinji kunosanganisira kukuvadzwa kwemari - zvichireva kuti kana musungwa akarasikirwa, anofanira kubhadhara mari yakatarwa kumumhan'ari nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwaakaitwa nezviito zvavo kana kuregeredza. Kugadziriswa kusati kwatongwa zvakafanana kunobvumirana nemari yekubhadhara. Kurasikirwa nevanopomerwa vasina kukwanisa kubhadhara kunogona kuzivisa kubhuroka. Mune dzimwe nyaya dzechivanhu dzakaita sekurwira kodzero dzevanhu, kupokana kwemakambani kana zvichemo zvekushungurudzwa - dare rinogona kuraira nzira dzisiri dzemari dzakaita sekuendesa kodzero dzemidziyo, shanduko kumitemo yemakambani kana mirairo yekurambidza pachinzvimbo chemadhora makuru.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati penguva yejeri nenguva yejeri?

Jeri rinowanzoreva nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa dzemunzvimbo dzinotungamirwa nesheriff kana dhipatimendi remapurisa kuchengetedza avo vakamirira kutongwa kana kuendesa mitongo mipfupi. Majeri inzvimbo dzenguva refu dzehurumende kana dzemubatanidzwa dzinogara nemhosva dzine mitongo inopfuura gore. Majeri anotungamirirwa munharaunda uye kazhinji ane mapurogiramu mashoma. Kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu achisiyana, majeri kazhinji ane nzvimbo yakawanda yevasungwa, mikana yebasa uye nguva yekutandara zvine chekuita nenzvimbo dzejeri dzakadzorwa zvakasimba.

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