Chii chinonzi Criminal Law uye Civil Law muDubai

Dubai's legal system musanganiswa wakasarudzika wemutemo wevagari, mutemo weSharia, uye misimboti yemutemo wakajairwa, uchiratidza chinzvimbo chayo senzvimbo huru yebhizinesi repasi rose mukati meUnited Arab Emirates (UAE). Iyi ongororo yakazara inoongorora tsananguro, mutsauko, uye chaiwo maitiro e Mutemo weCriminal Law uye Civil Law mukati meDubai yemutemo chimiro.

Mutemo weCriminal muDubai

Tsanangudzo uye Kukura

Mutemo weCriminal Law muDubai igwara remutemo rakazara rinotonga maitiro evanhu uye rinotara zvirango kune avo vanopara mhosva. Izvo zvakanyanya kubva pamusanganiswa weIslam Sharia mutemo, mutemo wevagari, uye wakajairwa mutemo misimboti.

Mutemo wekupara mhosva weUAE wakanyorwa muFederal Penal Code, yakadzikwa pasi peFederal Law No. 

Hunhu Hunokosha hweMutemo Wemhosva muDubai

1. Mhando dzeMhosva: Mhosva muDubai dzakaiswa muzvikamu mhombwe, misdemeanors, uye kukanganisa. Mhosva ndidzo dzakanyanya kupara mhosva uye dzinogona kukonzera zvirango zvakaomarara zvakaita sekugara mujeri kweupenyu hwose kana mutongo werufu. Misdemeanors haina kunyanya kuomesesa uye inokonzeresa kubhadhariswa faindi kana kuvharirwa mujeri kwenguva pfupi, nepo kukanganisa kuri kutyora kudiki.
2. Kufurira kweSharia Mutemo: Mutemo weSharia unokanganisa zvakanyanya hurongwa hwemutemo weUAE, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine chekuita nemitemo yemhuri. Uku kubatanidzwa kwemisimboti yechitendero mumutemo wenyika chinhu chinotsanangudza iyo UAE kubva kune inonyanya kukoshesa masisitimu emutemo kuMadokero.
3. Kutongwa Kwemhosva: Maitiro ekuparwa kwemhosva muDubai anotanga nekumhan'ara, achiteverwa nekuferefetwa kwemapurisa, kupomerwa mhosva, uye kutongwa. Muchuchisi wehurumende anoita basa rakakosha pakuona kuti nyaya yopinda mudare here. Kutongwa kunoitwa muchiArabic, uye maitiro ese ematare anotariswa nevatongi pasina kubatanidzwa kwejury.
4. Zvirango uye Mutongo: Iyo UAE Penal Code inoraira zvirango zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira faindi, kusungwa, uye mumatambudziko akaomarara, mutongo werufu. Iyo kodhi inobvumirawo kushandiswa kweSharia-based chirango senge qisas (kutsiva) uye diyya (mari yeropa) mune zvimwe zviitiko.

Mapato ari muCriminal Case

Kune akati wandei akakosha mapato anobatanidzwa mumhosva yemhosva:

• Kuchuchisa: Gweta kana chikwata chemagweta anomirira hurumende. Anowanzonzi magweta edunhu kana magweta enyika.
• Mudziviriri: Munhu kana sangano rinotarisana nemhosva, rinowanzozivikanwa seanopomerwa. Vanopomerwa vane kodzero yekuva gweta uye kutaura kuti havana mhosva kusvika vawanikwa vaine mhosva.
• Mutongi Munhu anotungamira dare redzimhosva uye anoona kuti mitemo nemaitiro emutemo zvinotevedzwa.
• Jury: Mumhaka dzakakomba zvikuru dzoutsotsi, boka revagari vemo vasingasaruri richanzwa ufakazi ndokusarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka.

Matanho eCriminal Case

Mhosva yemhosva inowanzofamba nematanho anotevera:

1. Kusungwa: Mapurisa anosunga munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye akapara mhosva. Vanofanira kuva nechikonzero chinobvira chokusunga.
2. Booking uye Bail: Mudziviriri ane mhosva yake yaiswa, "anoshamiswa" uye anogona kuva nesarudzo yekubvisa bhero kuti asunungurwe pamberi pekutongwa kwavo.
3. Kutongwa Mupomerwi anopomerwa zviri pamutemo uye anopinza chikumbiro chake pamberi pemutongi.
4. Pretrial Motions: Magweta anogona kupokana nenyaya dzemutemo seumboo hunopikisa kana kukumbira shanduko yenzvimbo.
5. Muedzo: Muchuchisi nekuzvidzivirira zvinopa humbowo uye zvapupu kuratidza mhosva kana kuratidza kusava nemhosva.
6. Mutongo: Kana akawanikwa ane mhosva, mutongi anogadza chirango mukati memitemo yekutonga. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira faindi, kutongwa, kudzoserwa kwevakabatwa, kusungwa kana kunyange mutongo werufu. Vanopomerwa vanogona kukwidza nyaya.

Civil Law muDubai

Tsanangudzo uye Kukura

Mutemo wehurumende muDubai unotonga kusawirirana pakati pemapato akazvimirira, sevanhu kana masangano, uko chinangwa chikuru ndechekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye nekupa mishonga yekukuvadza kunokonzerwa nerimwe bato kune rimwe. Nzvimbo dzakajairika dzinosanganisira kukakavara kwekondirakiti, nyaya dzemidziyo, nyaya dzemutemo wemhuri, uye zvikwereti zvekukuvara kwevanhu.

Hunhu Hunokosha hweMutemo Wevanhu muDubai

1. Mapati Akabatanidzwa: Mhosva dzevagari vemunyika dzinosanganisira kusawirirana pakati pemapato akazvimiririra, sevanhu, mabhizinesi, kana masangano. Mapato acho anowanzo kunzi mumhan'ari (bato rinomhan'arira) uye mumiriri (bato riri kutongwa).
2. Mutoro Wouchapupu: Munyaya dzevagari vemo, mutoro wehumbowo ndewekuti "prepondering of the evidence," zvichireva kuti zvinowanzoitika pane kwete kuti zvinorehwa nemumhan'ari ndezvechokwadi. Uyu mwero wakaderera zvichienzaniswa nemhosva dzehutsotsi.
3. Dzokuvhiyiwa: Matare echivanhu anotanga nekumhan’ara kwemumhan’ari. Maitiro acho anosanganisira kuteterera, kuwanikwa, nhaurirano dzekugadzirisa, uye pamwe kuyedza. Chinangwa ndechekuwana mutongo kana kupedzwa kunogadzirisa kukuvadzwa kwakaitwa nemumhan'ari.
4. Migumisiro: Kubudirira kumatare edzimhosva kunogona kuita kuti dare ritonge mupomerwi kuti ape muripo wemari kana kuita kwakananga kugadzirisa kukanganisa kwakakonzerwa. Chinangwa ndechekudzosa mumhan'ari pachinzvimbo chaaive asati akuvadzwa.

Mapato mune Civil Case

Mapato makuru mumatare edzimhosva ndeaya:

• Mumhan'ari: Munhu kana sangano rinomhan'ara mhosva. Vanoti ma damages akakonzerwa nemupomerwi.
• Mudziviriri: Munhu kana sangano riri kumhan'arirwa, rinofanirwa kupindura kune chichemo. Mupomeri anogona kugadzirisa kana kupikisa zvaari kupomerwa.
• Mutongi/Jury: Mhosva dzevagari vemo hadzisanganisi zvirango zvemhosva, saka hapana vimbiso yekodzero yekutongwa kwevatongi. Nekudaro, mapato ese ari maviri anogona kukumbira kuti ataure nyaya yavo pamberi pedare rinoona mhosva kana mubairo wekukuvadzwa. Vatongi vanosarudza mibvunzo yemutemo unoshanda.

Matanho eCivil Case

Nguva yekutongwa kwevagari vemo inowanzotevera matanho aya:

1. Chichemo Chakaiswa: Mhosva yacho inotanga kana mumhan'ari achinge anyora mapepa, kusanganisira neruzivo rwekukuvadza kwaanopomerwa.
2. Discovery process: Iyo nhanho yekuunganidza humbowo iyo inogona kusanganisira deposits, kubvunzurudza, kugadzira zvinyorwa uye zvikumbiro zvekubvumidzwa.
3. Pretrial Motions: Sezvinoitwa nedare remhosva, mapato anogona kukumbira mitongo kana kusabatanidzwa kweumboo kutongwa kusati kwatanga.
4. Muedzo: Rimwe divi rinogona kukumbira kutongwa kwebhenji (mutongi chete) kana kutongwa kwejury. Kutongwa kwenyaya hakuna pamutemo pane kutongwa kwemhosva.
5. Mutongo: Mutongi kana jury anosarudza kana mupomerwi ane mhosva uye mubairo unokuvadza kumumhan'ari kana zvakakodzera.
6. Maitiro ekukwidza nyaya: Anenge akundwa anogona kukwidza mutongo wacho kudare repamusoro uye okumbira kutongwa patsva.

Kuenzanisa Zvimiro zveCriminal uye Civil Law

Nepo mitemo yematsotsi neyevanhu ichimbopindirana munzvimbo dzakaita sekutorwa kweasset, inoshanda zvinangwa zvakasiyana uye ine misiyano mikuru:

chikamu	Criminal Law	Mutemo weHurumende
chinangwa	Dzivirira nzanga kubva pamaitiro ane ngozi Ranga kutyorwa kwetsika dzeveruzhinji	Gadzirisai makakatanwa epachivande Ipa rubatsiro rwemari kune zvakakuvadzwa
Mapati Akabatanidzwa	Vachuchisi vehurumende vs musungwa	Mumhan'ari ari oga vs mumhan'ari (va)
Mutoro Wouchapupu	Kunze kwekusava nechokwadi kune musoro	Preponderance yeuchapupu
Migumisiro	Fines, probation, mujeri	Kukuvadzwa kwemari, mirairo yedare
Kutanga Chiito	Mapurisa anosunga munhu anofungirwa / Hurumende inotsikirira mhosva	Mumhan'ari anonyora zvichemo
Chiyero cheMhosho	Kuita kwaive nemaune kana kusava nehanya zvakanyanya	Kuratidza kuregeredza kazhinji zvakakwana

Nepo nyaya dzechivanhu dzichipa mibairo yemari kana mupomerwi akawanikwa aine mhosva, mhosva dzematsotsi dzinoranga kukanganisa kwevanhu nefaindi kana kupfigirwa mujeri kudzivirira kukanganisa mune ramangwana. Ose ari maviri anoita mabasa akakosha asi akasiyana mukati mehutongi hwejekerere.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Yechokwadi

Zvinobatsira kutarisa mienzaniso yepasirese chaiyo kuona kupatsanurana pakati pemutemo wehurumende newamatsotsi:

• OJ Simpson akatarisana mhosva mhosva dzekuponda nekurova - kutyora mabasa eruzhinji kusauraya kana kukuvadza. Akanzi haana mhosva asi akarasika civil mhosva yemhosva yakamhan'arirwa nemhuri dzevakabatwa, ichimuraira kuti abhadhare mamirioni ekufa kusina kururama kunokonzerwa nekuregeredza.
• Martha Stewart akaita zvekutengesa mukati - a mhosva nyaya yakaunzwa neSEC. Akatarisanawo ne civil mhosva kubva kune vagovani vachiti varasikirwa kubva kune ruzivo rusina kufanira.
• Kufaira a civil mhosva yekukuvadzwa kwemunhu yekukuvadza kune mutyairi akadhakwa akakonzera kukuvara kwemuviri mukudhumhana kwaizove kwakasiyana zvachose kubva kune chero mhosva mhosva dzemutemo dzakatsimbirira mutyairi.

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Sei Kunzwisisa Civil uye Criminal Law Nyaya

Mugari wepakati anogona kudyidzana kakawanda nemitemo yehurumende maererano nenyaya dzakadai sezvibvumirano, zvido, kana inishuwarenzi mitemo kupfuura mitemo yemhosva. Nekudaro, kuziva izvo zvekutanga zvehutongo hwemhosva uye maitiro ematare edzimhosva zvinosimudzira kutora chikamu kwevanhu, kuronga hupenyu, uye neruzivo rwehurukuro yeruzhinji.

Kune avo vanoshuvira kushanda mukati mehurongwa hwemutemo, kuwana mukana wakakwana wedzidziso dzemutemo wehurumende nedzematsotsi muchikoro kunogadzirira vadzidzi kushandira nzanga uye kuwana kururamisira kuburikidza nemabasa akasiyana sereverero yemutemo, kuronga zvivakwa, mutemo wehurumende, uye kutevedzera makambani.

Pakupedzisira, mubatanidzwa wemitemo yehurumende neyematsotsi inoumba nzanga yakarongeka apo vanhu vanobvumirana nemitemo inovimbisa kuchengeteka uye kuenzana. Kujairana nechimiro kunopa vagari simba rekushandisa kodzero dzavo nemabasa avo.

Zvitsva Zvitsva:

• Mutemo wekuparwa kwemhosva unobata nemhosva pamusoro pezvakanaka zvevanhu izvo zvinogona kuguma nekusungwa - kusimbiswa nehurumende kune anopomerwa mhosva.
• Mutemo wehurumende unogadzirisa kusawirirana kwepachivande kwakanangana nekugadzirisa mari - kutangwa kuburikidza nekunyunyuta pakati pevamhan'ari nevanopomerwa.
• Kunyange zvazvo vachishanda zvakasiyana, mitemo yemhosva uye yehurumende inopindirana kuchengetedza kugarisana kwevanhu, kuchengeteka uye kugadzikana.

Zvichangoburwa muDubai's Legal System

Dubai's legal system iri kuramba ichishanduka kuti isangane nezvido zvehupfumi hwayo huri kukura uye nharaunda yebhizinesi repasirese. Zvichangobva kuitika zvinosanganisira:

1. Kugadzwa kweChiremera Chitsva Chekutonga: Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2024, chisungo chakapihwa chekugadza Hutongi hutsva hwakanangana nekugadzirisa gakava rekutonga 16.
2. Kuumbwa kweDare Rokutonga: Muna Chikumi 2024, mutemo mutsva wakadzikwa une chekuita neJudicial Committee for Resolving Conflicts of Jurisdiction 17.
3. Kuenderana neInternational Norms: Iyo UAE, kusanganisira Dubai, yave kuwiriranisa hurongwa hwayo hwemutemo nezviyero zvepasi rose, kunyanya mumutemo wekutengesa 18.
4. Proposas for Legal System Enhancements: Pane nhaurirano dzirikuenderera mberi dzekuunza angave hybrid kana standalone yemutemo system muDubai, zvingango wedzera remit yeDIFC Courts 19.
5. Regulatory Revisions: UAE yanga ichidzokorora marongero ayo uye emutemo masisitimu, kusanganisira ayo ane chekuita nekubira mari uye mari yehugandanga 20.

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Mibvunzo Inonyanya Kubvunzwa

Ndeapi mamwe Mienzaniso Yakajairika yeCriminal Law Cases?

Mhosva dzemitemo yemhosva dzinosanganisira mhosva dzakasiyana siyana, kubva kumhosva dzechisimba kana kurwa kwakakomba zvakadai sekurova, bhatiri, kuuraya, kubira vanhu nezvombo, uye mhirizhonga yemudzimba kupara mhosva dzemidziyo dzinosanganisira kupaza, kuba, kuparadza, uye kupisa. Mhosva dzine chokuita nezvinodhaka dzakajairikawo, dzinosanganisira nyaya dzokuwanikwa, dzokugovera, kutengeswa, uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo, uyewo chitsotsi chemishonga.

Mhosva dzewhite-collar dzinoumba chimwe chikamu chakakosha, kusanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzehutsotsi (kadhi rechikwereti, inishuwarenzi, securities), kubiridzira, kutambisa mari, kunzvenga mutero, uye kuba zvitupa. Mhosva dzepabonde dzinosanganisira mhosva dzakakomba, kusanganisira kubata chibharo, kubata vana chibharo, kushungurudzwa kwevana, kubatwa chibharo, uye kuratidzwa zvisina kunaka.

Mhosva dzeruzhinji dzinowanzosangana mukati Dubai mhosva dzematare, kufukidza kusarurama, kudhakwa neruzhinji, kudarika, uye kuramba kusungwa. Kutyorwa kwakanyanya mumigwagwa kunowirawo pasi pemutemo wemhosva, kusanganisira nyaya dzeDUI/DWI, kurova nekumhanyisa zviitiko, kutyaira zvisina hanya, uye kutyaira uine rezinesi rakamiswa. Imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi inomiririra akasiyana maitiro ehutsotsi ayo nzanga yakaona akakodzera kurangwa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemutemo.

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Ndezvipi Zvingangoitika Pakutongerwa Mhosva?

Common zvirango zvemhosva zvinosanganisira kuongororwa, basa remunharaunda, mazano ekugadzirisa kana kunyoresa muchirongwa chedzidzo, kusungwa kweimba, nguva yejeri, kurapwa kwehutano hwepfungwa, faindi, kutorwa kwemidziyo, uye mumatambudziko akaoma kusungwa kana chirango cherufu. Zvibvumirano zvekukumbira zvinopa kukurudzira kune vanopomerwa kuti vadzivise kutongerwa mhosva vachichinjana nekurudziro yekupihwa mutongo mudiki.

Ndeupi muenzaniso wekupindirana kwemutemo wehutsotsi nemagariro?

Muenzaniso wekare wekuti kupindirana kwemutemo wehutsotsi uye wevagari ndeye nyaya dzekurova uye bhatiri. Ngatitarisei mamiriro ekurwa kwebha kuenzanisira iyi mharadzano:

Ngatitii Munhu A anorova Munhu B pabhawa, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya. Chiitiko chimwe chete ichi chinogona kukonzeresa nyaya dzehutsotsi nedzechivanhu:

Mhosva:

• Nyika inomhan'ara Munhu A nekurova uye nebhatiri
• Chinangwa ndechekuranga mutadzi uye kudzivirira nzanga
• Munhu A anogona kutarisana nenguva yejeri, faindi, kana kutongwa
• Mupimo woufakazi “haugoni kupokana kune mufungo”
• Mhosva iyi ine musoro wekuti “State v. Person A”

Civil Case:

• Munhu B anomhan'arira Munhu A nekuda kwekukuvadzwa
• Chinangwa ndechekutsiva Munhu B kukuvara nekurasikirwa
• Munhu B aigona kuwana mari yezvikwereti zvekurapwa, mihoro yakarasika, uye kurwadziwa nekutambura
• Chiyero chehumbowo ndeche "preponderance yehumbowo" (kunyanya pane kwete)
• Mhosva iyi ine musoro wekuti “Munhu B vs. Munhu A”

Mumwe muenzaniso wakajairika ndeye tsaona yekutyaira akadhakwa - nyika inogona kupomera mutyairi akadhakwa neDUI, nepo akakuvara anogona panguva imwe chete kumhan'arira kumatare edzimhosva. Mhosva idzi dzinogona kuenderera dzakazvimirira, uye mhedzisiro yeimwe haireve mhedzisiro yemumwe, kunyangwe mhosva yemhosva inogona kubatsira kutsigira nyaya yevagari.

Chii chinoitika kuCivil Court case?

zvinowanzoitika mumatare edzimhosva:

1. Kutanga Kuisa

• Mumhan'ari (munhu ari kumhan'ara mhosva) anomhan'ara
• Anopomerwa anopihwa mapepa emutemo
• Mupomerwi anopa mhinduro kana chirevo chekuti arambe

2. Discovery Phase

• Mativi ese ari maviri anotsinhana ruzivo rwakakodzera
• Mibvunzo yakanyorwa (interrogatory) inopindurwa
• Zvinyorwa zvinogoverwa
• Depositions (mabvunzurudzo akarekodhwa) anoitwa
• Uchapupu hunounganidzwa kubva kune zvapupu uye nyanzvi

3. Pre-Trial Procedures

• Zvikumbiro zvinogona kuiswa kune rimwe divi
• Nhaurirano dzekugadzirisa dzinowanzoitika
• Kupindirana kana kupindirana kunogona kuedzwa
• Masangano ekutonga nyaya nemutongi
• Final pre-trial conference yekutsanangura nyaya

4. Muedzo Phase (kana pasina kugadziriswa kunowanikwa)

• Kusarudzwa kwejury (kana iri kutongwa kwejury)
• Mashoko ekuvhura
• Mumhan'ari anopa nyaya yavo nehumbowo uye zvapupu
• Mumiriri anopira nyaya yavo nehumbowo nezvapupu
• Kubvunzurudzwa kwezvapupu
• Kuvhara nharo
• Mutongi anorayira kune jury
• Kukurukurirana kweJury uye mutongo (kana mutongo wemutongi mumatare ebhenji)

5. Post-Kutongwa

• Anokunda anowana mutongo
• Bato rakarasika rinogona kukwidza nyaya
• Kuunganidzwa kwekukuvadza (kana kupihwa)
• Kutevedzwa kwemirairo yedare

Chii chinoitika kana mumwe munhu Akarasikirwa neCivil Case?

Kana munhu arasikirwa nedare redzimhosva, hezvino zvinowanzoitika:

Zvemari Zvinosungirwa:

• Anofanira kubhadhara mari kune anokunda bato (mumhan'ari)
• Kubhadhara kunogona kusanganisira:
  • Muripo wekukuvara chaiko
  • Kukuvadza kwechirango (mari yakawedzerwa sechirango)
  • Rumwe rutivi mari yepamutemo

Court Orders:

• Inogona kurairwa kumisa chaiyo zviito (injunction)
• Inogona kudiwa kuzadzisa zvibvumirano zvechibvumirano
• Inofanirwa kutevedzera zvese zvinorairwa nedare

Kana Vasingakwanisi Kubhadhara:

• Anokunda anogona kuunganidza kuburikidza ne:
  • Kutora chikamu chemihoro yavo
  • Kutonhora uye kutora mari kubva kumabhangi account
  • Kuisa zvichemo zvemutemo panzvimbo yavo
• Chikwereti chavo chechikwereti chinogona kukanganiswa

Kukwidza nyaya:

• Vanogona kukwidza mutongo kana vachitenda kuti zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakaitwa
• Kukwidza nyaya kunodhura
• Inofanirwa kuve nezvikonzero zvepamutemo zvekukwidza nyaya
• Kungopesana nemugumisiro hakuna kukwana

Dare rine nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekusimbisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuteerera mutongo waro, uye kutadza kubhadhara kunogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko makuru emari.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peJail time nePrison time?

Misiyano yakakosha pakati nguva yejeri uye nguva yejeri muDubai:

chinguva

• Nguva yejeri ndeyemitongo mipfupi, kazhinji isingasviki gore
• Nguva yejeri ndeye mitongo yakareba, kazhinji inodarika gore

Facility Type

• Majeri anowanzo shandiswa nehurumende dzenharaunda (matunhu kana maguta)
• Majeri anofambiswa nehurumende kana hurumende dzemubatanidzwa

chinangwa

• Majeri anochengeta vanhu vakamirira kutongwa kana kutongwa, pamwe neavo vari kutongerwa mitongo mipfupi pamhosva diki
• Majeri anotongerwa matsotsi anopika mitongo yakareba nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba zvikuru

Security Level

• Majeri anowanzova nemazinga ekuchengetedza akaderera zvachose
• Majeri ane mazinga akasiyana ekuchengetedza kubva pashoma kusvika pakuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya

Zvirongwa uye Masevhisi

• Majeri anopa mashoma mapurogiramu uye masevhisi nekuda kwekugara kwenguva pfupi
• Majeri anopa zvakawanda zvekuvandudza, dzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvemabasa emawoko

Living Conditions

• Majeri ejeri anowanzova ekutanga uye akazara
• Masero ejeri anowanzo gadzirirwa kurarama kwenguva refu

Inmate Population

• Huwandu hwemajeri hwakanyanya kupfupika, nevanhu vanouya nekuenda kazhinji
• Vagari vemujeri vakagadzikana zvakanyanya, uye vasungwa vanopika kwenguva refu

nzvimbo

Majeri anowanzova munzvimbo dziri kure

Majeri anowanzo kuwanikwa padyo nematare uye nharaunda dzenzvimbo

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