imali iimpahla yinkqubo yokwenza ezinkulu Izibalo ze imali-yenziwe nge Mthetho umsebenzi onjengokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi okanye inkxaso-mali yabanqolobi—kubonakala ngathi ivela esemthethweni imithombo okanye imisebenzi. Yingxaki enkulu yehlabathi leyo magqwetha inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni.

Isishwankathelo sokuThuthukiswa kweMali

Ukurhwaphiliza imali Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwizigaba ezithathu: ukufakwa, ukubeka, yaye ukudityaniswa.
Ngexesha ukufakwa, izaphuli-mthetho ziqala zingenise imali “engcolileyo” efunyenwe kwimisebenzi engekho mthethweni kwinkqubo yezemali esemthethweni. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukwahlukana ezinkulu Izixa zibe yisambuku esincinci esingafane sinyuse iiflegi ezibomvu.
Kwi ukubeka Kwinqanaba, ulwaphulo-mthetho luzibandakanya kwintengiselwano yezemali entsonkothileyo ukudelela imali kwinto engekho mthethweni umthombo. Oku kusebenzisa iindlela ezifana nokudluliselwa kocingo lwaphesheya okanye ukwenza imali ngeqokobhe iinkampani.
Ekugqibeleni, ngexesha ukudityaniswa, iimali ziphinda zingene kuqoqosho olusemthethweni oluguqulwe njenge esemthethweni imali yoshishino. Ngeli nqanaba, i Mthetho uye wakhupha imali ngempumelelo.
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukurhwaphiliza imali zibandakanya izikimu ezisekelwe kurhwebo, ukusetyenziswa kweekhasino kunye nentengiselwano yezindlu, ukudala iqokobhe kunye neenkampani zangaphambili, ukuhlambalaza, kunye nokusebenzisa kakubi iindlela zokuhlawula ezintsha ezifana ne-cryptocurrencies.
Umlinganiselo we ukurhwaphiliza imali kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngolunye uqikelelo, malunga nama-800 eebhiliyoni zeerandi ukuya kwi-2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ithotywa kumazwe ngamazwe minyaka le, ibandakanya i-2% ukuya kwi-5% ye-GDP yehlabathi.
Banks, ukutshintshiselana ngemali, iindawo zokungcakaza, ii-arhente zezindlu, utshintshiselwano nge-cryptocurrency, kunye namagqwetha anokwenza ngempazamo ukurhwaphiliza imali ngokusilela ukwenza inkuthalo efanelekileyo kwiintengiselwano ezirhanelwayo kunye nabathengi, kunye nokungazi ngezinto ezahlukeneyo. iintlobo zobuqhophololo kwi-accounting eziququzelela inkqubo.

Iziphumo zokuThutyeziswa kweMali

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni kunceda ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi kakhulu kwaye kunempembelelo embi kakhulu eluntwini:

Ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo kwizinto ezinobungozi Mthetho imisebenzi efana iziyobisi urhwebo, ugorha ukuhlasela, ukuthengiselana ngezixhobo, urhwaphilizo, kwanokubulala.
Ukuphepha irhafu ngamandla kubalulekile iimali zoluntu ezifunekayo kwiziseko ezingundoqo, imfundo, iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nezinye iinkonzo zoluntu.
Igqwetha kakhulu urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nolwazi lwezoqoqosho ngokufihla imvelaphi kunye nendawo yokusingwa imali isiwe kwimida.
Ukutofelwa kweebhiliyoni zeerandi ezilahlwayo kwiimarike zezindlu ezitofotofo kunyusa iindleko zezindlu, kudodobalisa ukungalingani kunye nokungabi namakhaya.
Ngokugquma amagama abantu kunye nokufihla ubunini, iququzelela urhwaphilizo lwecandelo likarhulumente, iphelisa uxanduva, kwaye isoyikise ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

“Ukurhwaphiliza ngemali yeyona njini yolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. Ngaphandle kwayo, ubukhosi behlabathi bebuya kuwohloka.” -UJohn Cassara, ingcaphephe yokurhwaphiliza imali kunye nowayesakuba ligosa lezobuntlola laseMelika

Kubantu ngabanye kunye neenkampani ezibanjwe zivumela ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali, nokuba besazi okanye bengazi, iziphumo zikwabi kakhulu:

Izohlwayo zemali eziqatha rhoqo kwizigidi zeerandi ngokusilela okucwangcisiweyo kulawulo lwe-AML.
Kakhulu umonakalo kwigama kubo bobabini abantu kunye namaziko emali abachaphazelekayo.
Ukukhenkciswa okunokwenzeka okanye ukuhluthwa kwazo naziphi na ii-asethi ezilandelelwe kwiingeniso zokurhwaphiliza imali.
Izigwebo ezinde entolongweni ekugwetyweni ngokurhwaphiliza imali ngokungekho mthethweni okanye kwiintlawulo ezinxulumene nemali.

IMithetho yokuLawulwa kokuLawulwa kweMali (i-AML).

Ukulwa le ngxaki inkulu kwaye iyingozi, uninzi lwamazwe anemigaqo ebanzi kunye neearhente ezigxile ekubhaqeni nasekuthinteleni ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali:

I-United Arab Emirates inesikhokelo somthetho esomeleleyo sokulwa ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali, ukuhambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, ngakumbi iingcebiso ze-Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

Umthetho we-AML (Federal Decree-Law No. 20 of 2018): Lo ngumthetho ophambili we-AML kwi-UAE. Ichaza amatyala okuthengisa imali ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye ibeka isakhelo somthetho sothintelo kunye nokohlwaywa kwemisebenzi yokuthengisa imali. Umthetho ubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho (ulwaphulo-mthetho olusisiseko oluvelisa imali engekho mthethweni) kwaye usebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaqumrhu, kubandakanywa amaziko emali, amashishini atyunjiweyo angeyiyo eyemali kunye neengcali, kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo.

Izikhokelo zeBhanki Enkulu: IBhanki enguMbindi ye-UAE ikhupha izikhokelo ezineenkcukacha kunye neesetyhula kumaziko emali, ibonelela ngesakhelo sokunyameka kwabathengi, ukujonga intengiselwano, kunye nokuxela intengiselwano ekrokrisayo. Amaziko emali kulindeleke ukuba aseke iinkqubo zangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zokulawula ukufumanisa kunye nokuxela imisebenzi ekrokrelekayo.

Ukunika ingxelo yeNtengiselwano eSolisayo: Amaqumrhu kufuneka axele ngoko nangoko nayiphi na imisebenzi ekrokrelekayo yokurhwaphiliza imali kwi-UAE Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). I-FIU isebenza phantsi kweBhanki ePhakathi kwaye inoxanduva lokufumana, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokusasaza ulwazi olunxulumene nokurhweba ngemali okanye ukuxhaswa ngemali yobunqolobi.

Intsebenziswano yaMazwe ngaMazwe: I-UAE ithatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwiinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokulwa ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali kunye nenkxaso-mali yabanqolobi. Ivume iingqungquthela ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ililungu leBhunga leNtsebenziswano yeGulf yeBhunga le-Anti-Money Landering kunye nokuLwa iKhomishini yoBunqolobi ngeMali.

Izohlwayo kunye nokuNyanzeliswa: UMthetho we-AML umisela izohlwayo eziqatha kulwaphulo-mthetho lokusebenzisa imali ngokungekho mthethweni, kuquka izohlwayo kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni. Iinkundla ze-UAE kunye nee-arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho zixhotyisiwe ukuba ziphande kwaye zitshutshise amatyala okuthutyeleziswa kwemali.

Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekekayo nokuThobela: Amaziko emali kunye namanye amaqumrhu anyanzelekileyo kufuneka aqhubeke ebeka iliso kubudlelwane bawo beshishini kwaye enze inkuthalo eyongeziweyo apho imingcipheko ephezulu ichongwa.

Uvavanyo loMngcipheko kunye noLawulo: Amaqumrhu kufuneka aqhube uhlolo lomngcipheko rhoqo ukuze aqonde kwaye alawule ukuchanabeka kwawo ekurhwetyweni kwemali kunye nemingcipheko yenkxaso-mali yabanqolobi.

Uqeqesho kunye noKwazisa: Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezithe rhoqo zigunyaziswe kubasebenzi bamaziko emali nangezizo ezemali ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayayazi imigaqo ye-AML kwaye banokuchonga ngokufanelekileyo kwaye baxele imisebenzi ekrokrisayo.

Imizekelo yokwenyani yezenzo zonyanzeliso kwi-UAE ibonisa ukuzibophelela kwelizwe ekulweni ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali. Ngokomzekelo, i-UAE ibone amatyala aphezulu apho amaziko emali aye ahlawuliswa ngenxa yokungahambelani nemimiselo ye-AML.

Imithetho ye-AML ye-UAE ibanzi kwaye yenzelwe ukuthintela, ukubona, kunye nokutshutshisa imisebenzi yokurhwaphiliza imali. Zibonisa ukuzibophelela kwelizwe ekugcineni imfezeko yenkqubo yalo yezemali kunye nokuma kwayo kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhula kobunzima bezicwangciso zokurhwaphiliza imali, kusekho izikhewu ezinkulu zolawulo apho amagqwetha anokuncedisa ekuzaliseni ulwazi olufanelekileyo kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko olusebenzayo, inkxaso. anti imali ngokungekho mthethweni UAE amalinge.

IGqwetha loRhwaphilizo lweMali libonelela ngeeNkonzo zoMthetho eziBalulekileyo ezinxulumene noLwaphulo-mthetho oluNxibelele lwezeMali

Ukurhwaphiliza ngemali kubandakanya ukufihla iimali ezingekho mthethweni okanye uzenze zibonakale zisemthethweni ngeentengiselwano ezinzima. Ivumela abaphuli-mthetho ukuba bazifihle kwaye basebenzise imali efunyenwe kwimisebenzi engekho mthethweni efana nobuqhetseba, ukuphepha irhafu, okanye inkxaso-mali yabanqolobi. Njengokuchasa imali kwihlabathi jikelele (AML) imimiselo iyaqina, amashishini kunye nabantu bajongene nezohlwayo eziqatha ngenxa yokungathobeli okanye ukubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zokurhwaphiliza imali. Kule meko, iinkonzo zeengcali zomthetho ezikhethekileyo zibaluleke kakhulu.

Amagqwetha axhaphaza imali banolwazi lobuchwephesha bemithetho nemimiselo entsonkothileyo elawula intaphane ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali kwi-UAE. Nokuba bamele abaxumi abajongene neentlawulo okanye banikezela ngeengcebiso zokuthobela, bahambisa uluhlu lweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukukhokela abathengi ngophando, ukwakha ukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluqinileyo, kunye nokulungelelanisa iinkqubo ze-AML kunye nolindelo olungqongqo lolawulo.

Kusetyenziswa izohlwayo eziqatha ngokwasemthethweni

Abantu abagwetywe ngezityholo zokurhwaphiliza imali ngokungekho mthethweni bajongene neziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho oluqatha kwihlabathi jikelele. Izohlwayo ziyahluka kuwo wonke amagunya kodwa zibandakanya:

Izohlwayo ezinkulu zemali ukuya kuthi ga kabini isixa-mali semali efunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
I-asethi epheleleyo ukuphulukana kuquka ipropati, iimoto, amashishini, kunye nemali ye-akhawunti yebhanki.
Iminyaka yokuvalelwa entolongweni ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nemali efunyenweyo kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kumashishini, iziphumo ziquka izohlwayo ezinzima, iilayisensi zokusebenza ezirhoxisiweyo, iinkampani ezichithiweyo, kunye noxanduva lomntu ngamnye kubalawuli abathobelayo. Ukuququzelela ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali ngokwazi kukhokelela ekunzulu umonakalo kwigama. Ngobuchule obuphezulu bokulandela umkhondo wezezimali, abatshutshisi bafumanisa ukuba amatyala okuphehlelelwa aye ayenzeka.

"Ukuthula kwabo sisixhobo sabo, ubumfihlo bomthengi wabo bulikhaka ngokuchasene nobulungisa." – iJaji echophele ityala lokurhwaphiliza imali

Kutheni Kubalulekile Ukumelwa Ngokusemthethweni

Ukuhamba kuphando lokurhwaphiliza imali kunye neentlawulo ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwezomthetho lobuchwephesha kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwegqwetha ku I-UAE, iGqwetha [[Hassan Elhais]], “elona nyathelo lokuqala lisengqiqweni kukubandakanya ingcali yezomthetho ekhethekileyo”. Ukuqonda kwabo okunzulu imimiselo yokuthotyelwa kwezemali kungqineke kuxabiseke kakhulu. Bakwabonelela:

Impendulo yoPhando oluKhawulezayo

Nje ukuba abasemagunyeni baqalise ukubuza imibuzo, ukubandakanyeka kwamagqwetha ngokukhawuleza kunceda amabali obugcisa abuze ukufaneleka kwezityholo kumanqanaba okuqala.

Ukuhlola Ubungqina

Ukuhlola ubungqina botshutshiso ngokucokisekileyo bufumanisa ukungangqinelani kwezityholo ezingasebenziyo. Ngaphandle kohlalutyo olukhawulezileyo lomthetho emva kokubanjwa, ii-asethi ezigcina amashishini kunye neendlela zokuphila zihlala zihleli.

Ukucenga abatshutshisi

Amagqwetha anezakhono athethathethana nabatshutshisi, egxininisa ubuthathaka bobungqina kwaye ebakhokelela ekuchithweni kwamatyala okanye ekuthotyweni izohlwayo.

Ukhuselo lweNkundla

Bakhusela abaxhasi ngokungqongqo enkundleni ngokuhlasela ngokusemthethweni izityholo ukuba izityholo ziyaqhubeka. Oku kubandakanya ukuphikiswa ngokupheleleyo kobungqina obuthandabuzekayo.

IsiKhokelo esisebenzayo kwiiMbophelelo ze-AML

Ukongeza kukhuseleko oluluqilima lolwaphulo-mthetho, amagqwetha asebenzisa imali ngokungekho mthethweni abonelela ngesikhokelo esisebenzayo kwimisebenzi yezomthetho ejikeleze imimiselo entsonkothileyo. Banikezela ngeengcebiso ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuthobela ukufumanisa nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kweendlela ezisemthethweni. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

Ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo ze-AML, uphicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthala ezilungelelaniswe nezamvanje FATF isikhokelo.
Abasebenzi boqeqesho lokuchonga kwaye banike ingxelo ngokukhawuleza iintengiselwano ezikrokrisayo ngee-SARs kunye nezinye iindlela ezisisinyanzelo zokubhengeza.
Ukuqinisekisa ngamaxesha athile iinkqubo ze-KYC iinkqubo zokuhlola umxhasi phendula ngotshintsho oluchongiweyo imali ngokungekho mthethweni imingcipheko kunye neetayipi.

Imimandla yeeNgcali ezongezelelweyo

Ngolwazi oluntsonkothileyo lobuchwephesha kunye nolawulo lomthetho, amagqwetha arhwaphiliza imali nawo ancedisa kwimimandla eyongezelelweyo:

Uncedo lokubuyisela impahla emva kokuvalelwa okanye ukuhluthwa ngokusemthethweni.
Ukubhena izohlwayo zomlawuli kwaye Izohlwayo zolawulo ngokuqaqambisa iziphene zenkqubo kunye nokuyila izivumelwano zokulungisa.
Ukukhusela izicelo zokukhutshwa kunye nokucebisa iinkqubo zentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kuphando olunqumla imida oluthatha amazwe amaninzi.
Uphononongo lwasenkundleni lwee-akhawunti, iikhontrakthi kunye notshintshiselwano ukumisela i-clawback okanye iindlela zokuphuma xa kubhengezwa iimali zabatyali-zimali ezingekho mthethweni.

Ukukhetha uMcebisi wezoMthetho oLungileyo

Ngobuchule obukhethekileyo bezemali nezomthetho kwimfuno ephezulu ngolo hlobo, inkuthalo enenyameko malunga nokukhethwa kwabacebisi bubulumko ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo efana namanqanaba amava okuphatha amatyala e-AML kumacandelo athile, iziseko zemirhumo, kunye neerekhodi zomzila zizonke ezifumana iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Amagqwetha abarhwaphilizo bemali abonelela ngoncedo olukhethekileyo, ubuchule obuphuculweyo obulondolozwe kukuvezwa kwamatyala amaninzi kunye noqeqesho. Ngokucebisa abaxumi kunye nokuhlalutya ukuthengiselana okuntsokothileyo, bazalisekisa umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu - ukucacisa izibophelelo kunye nezithintelo kumashishini ngelixa amalungelo omntu ekhuselwe. Izakhono zabo zokukhusela okanye ukutshutshisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali zikwaphembelela kakhulu iziphumo zabo batyholwa.

Lilonke kwiindawo ezinemigangatho yolawulo eguquguqukayo kunye nokwanda kwamatyala ezohlwayo, ukugcina abacebisi abathembekileyo bezomthetho ekuthotyelweni kwezemali kunye nemiba enxulumene nokuthutyeleziswa kwemali kuhlala kubaluleke kakhulu.