Inkathi Ekhazimulayo Neyamanje Ye-United Arab Emirates

I-United Arab Emirates (UAE) iyisizwe esisebasha, kodwa esinomlando ocebile osuka ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Itholakala ekhoneni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, lo mfelandawonye wama-emirates ayisikhombisa - i-Abu Dhabi, iDubai, iSharjah, i-Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, iRas Al Khaimah kanye neFujairah - iguquke emakhulwini eminyaka isuka ogwadule oluwugwadule oluhlalwa yizizwe zamaBedouin eziyimizulane yaya. umphakathi ophilayo, ohlanganisa zonke izizwe kanye nendlunkulu yezomnotho.

Uyini umlando we-United Arab Emirates

Indawo manje esiyazi njenge-UAE ibe yimpambano yezindlela ehlanganisa i-Afrika, i-Asia ne-Europe iminyaka eyinkulungwane, enobufakazi bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kusukela eNkathini Yamatshe. Kuyo yonke inkathi yasendulo, impucuko ehlukahlukene yayilawula le ndawo ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise abaseBhabhiloni, amaPheresiya, amaPutukezi namaBrithani. Kodwa-ke, kwaba ukutholakala kukawoyela ngeminyaka yawo-1950 okwangenisa ngempela inkathi entsha yokuchuma nokuthuthuka kwama-emirate.

I-UAE yayithola nini inkululeko?

Ngemuva kokuthola inkululeko eBrithani ngo-1971, i-UAE yathuthuka ngokushesha ngaphansi kombusi wayo owasungula, uSheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka amafushane, amadolobha afana ne-Abu Dhabi ne-Dubai ashintshile esuka ezindaweni zokudoba ezinobuthongo aba ama-megapolises esimanje, aphakeme. Nokho abaholi base-Emirates nabo basebenze ngokuzikhandla ukuze balondoloze amagugu abo acebile nama-Arab ahambisana nalokhu kukhula komnotho okumangalisayo. Namuhla, i-United Arab Emirates imi njengendawo yomhlaba wonke yebhizinisi, ezohwebo, ezokuvakasha kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, umlando wayo wembula indaba ekhangayo yokuqina, umbono, nobuhlakani bomuntu bokunqoba izinselele zemvelo yasogwadule enonya ukuze kwakhiwe esinye sezizwe ezinamandla kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Ineminyaka emingaki i-UAE njengezwe?

I-United Arab Emirates (UAE) iyizwe eliselisha, elithole inkululeko eBrithani futhi lasungulwa ngokusemthethweni njengesizwe ngoDisemba 2, 1971.

Amaqiniso abalulekile mayelana neminyaka kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-UAE:

• Ngaphambi kuka-1971, indawo manje ehlanganisa i-UAE yayaziwa ngokuthi i-Trucial States, iqoqo lama-sheikhdom eduze nogu lwe-Persian Gulf ebikade ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kweBrithani kusukela ngekhulu le-19.
• NgoDisemba 2, 1971, ama-emirates ayisithupha kwayisikhombisa - i-Abu Dhabi, i-Dubai, i-Sharjah, i-Ajman, i-Umm Al Quwain, ne-Fujairah - yahlangana ukuze kwakhiwe i-United Arab Emirates.
• I-emirate yesikhombisa, u-Ras Al Khaimah, yajoyina umfelandawonye we-UAE ngoFebhuwari 1972, iqeda ama-emirates ayisikhombisa akha i-UAE yesimanje.
• Ngakho-ke, i-UAE igubhe iminyaka yayo engama-50 njengesizwe esibumbene ngoDisemba 2, 2021, okumaka ingxenye yekhulu selokhu yasungulwa ngo-1971.
• Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa ngo-1971, ama-emirates ngamanye ayenemilando esukela emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, nemindeni ye-Al Nahyan kanye ne-Al Maktoum eyayibusa i-Abu Dhabi ne-Dubai ngokulandelana kusukela ngekhulu le-18.

Yayinjani i-UAE ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwayo ngo-1971?

Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kwayo ngo-1971, isifunda manje esiyi-United Arab Emirates sasihlanganisa ama-sheikhdom noma ama-emirathi ayisikhombisa aziwa ngokuthi Amazwe Ayiqiniso.

Lawa ma-sheikhdoms asenamakhulu eminyaka akhona ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuguquguqukayo kwemibuso ehlukahlukene yobukhosi njengamaPutukezi, amaDashi, namaBrithani. Babephila ngemali etholwa ngamaparele, ukudoba, ukufuya imizulane nokuhweba olwandle.

Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nesifunda sangaphambi kuka-1971 UAE:

• Lesi sifunda sasinabantu abambalwa bezizwe zamaBedouin eziyimizulane kanye namadolobhana amancane okudoba/amaparele ngasogwini.
• Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi sasogwadule, ingaphakathi lalo lalingenandawo yokuhlala ehlala njalo noma ezolimo ngaphandle kwamadolobha asezindaweni ezishisayo.
• Umnotho wawusekelwe emisebenzini yokuziphilisa efana ne-pearl diving, ukudoba, ukufuya, kanye nokuhweba okuyisisekelo.
• I-emirate ngayinye yayiwubukhosi obuphelele obubuswa i-sheikh evela komunye wemindeni evelele yesifunda.
• Kwakunengqalasizinda encane yesimanje noma intuthuko ekhona ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela kwamanye amazwe ngawo-1960.
• I-Abu Dhabi kanye ne-Dubai bekungamadolobha amancane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvelela kwawo kwesimanje njengamadolobha.
• AbaseBrithani bagcine izivikeli zempi kanye nokulawula okuxekethile kwezombusazwe ezindabeni zangaphandle ze-Trucial States.

Ngakho-ke, empeleni, i-UAE yangaphambi kuka-1971 yayiyiqoqo elihluke kakhulu lezinhlanga ezazingathuthukisiwe ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwesizwe sesimanje kanye noguquko olukhulu oluqhutshwa umcebo kawoyela ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1960.

Yiziphi izinselelo ezinkulu esikhathini esidlule se-UAE?

Nazi ezinye zezinselelo ezinkulu i-UAE ebhekane nazo esikhathini esidlule ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokubunjwa kwayo:

Imvelo Enzima Yemvelo

• I-UAE itholakala endaweni ewugwadule eyome kakhulu, okwenza ukuphila nentuthuko kube nzima kakhulu ngaphambi kwezikhathi zanamuhla.
• Ukushoda kwamanzi, ukuntuleka komhlaba olimekayo, namazinga okushisa ashisayo kwabeka izinselele eziqhubekayo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho.

Umnotho Wokuziphilisa

• Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela, lesi sifunda sasinomnotho wokuziphilisa osekelwe ekutshuzeni amaparele, ukudoba, ukufuya imihambima, kanye nohwebo olulinganiselwe.
• Kwakukhona imboni encane, ingqalasizinda noma ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wesimanje kwaze kwaba yilapho imali kawoyela ivumela uguquko olusheshayo oluqala ngawo-1960.

Ukuhlukana Kwezizwe

• Ama-emirates ayi-7 ngokomlando ayebuswa njengama-sheikhdom ahlukene ngamaqembu ezizwe nemindeni ebusayo.
• Ukuhlanganisa lezi zizwe ezihlukene zibe isizwe esibumbene kwaletha izithiyo zezombangazwe namasiko okwakumelwe zinqotshwe.

Ithonya laseBrithani

• Njengezizwe Eziqinile, ama-emirates ayengaphansi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okuvikelwa kanye nomthelela waseBrithani ngaphambi kwenkululeko ngo-1971.
• Ukumisa ubukhosi obugcwele ngenkathi ulawula ukuhamba kwamabutho namaluleki aseBrithani kwakuyinselele yesikhashana.

Ukudalwa kobunikazi bezwe

• Ukukhuthaza ubuwena be-Emirati bukazwelonke obuhlukile kanye nokuba yisakhamuzi kuyilapho kuhlonipha amasiko ama-emirate ayi-7 ahlukene kwakudinga ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo ngokucophelela.
• Ukuthuthukisa ubuzwe obugcwele be-UAE ngenxa yokwethembeka kwezizwe/kwesifunda kwaba isithiyo sakuqala.

Yiziphi izehlakalo ezibalulekile emlandweni we-UAE?

1758	Umndeni wakwa-Al Nahyan uxosha amabutho asePheresiya futhi usungula ukulawula esifundeni sase-Abu Dhabi, uqale ukubusa kwawo.
1833	I-Perpetual Maritime Truce iletha i-Trucial States ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kanye nethonya laseBrithani.
1930s	Izinqolobane zikawoyela zokuqala zitholwa e-Trucial States, zibeka inkundla yengcebo yesikhathi esizayo.
1962	Ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe kwamanye amazwe kuqala kusuka e-Abu Dhabi, okuletha uguquko kwezomnotho.
1968	AbaseBrithani bamemezela izinhlelo zokuqeda ubudlelwano babo besivumelwano ne-Trucial States.
December 2, 1971	Ama-emirates ayisithupha (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah) ahlangana ngokusemthethweni ukuze akhe i-United Arab Emirates.
Februwari 1972	I-emirate yesikhombisa yaseRas Al Khaimah ijoyina umfelandawonye we-UAE.
1973	I-UAE ijoyina i-OPEC futhi ibona ukungena okukhulu kwemali engenayo kawoyela ngemuva kwenhlekelele kawoyela.
1981	IPhini likaMongameli we-UAE uSheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum uqala isu lokuhlukanisa umnotho ngale kukawoyela.
2004	I-UAE ibambe ukhetho lwayo lokuqala olukhethwe kancane kanye nenhlangano yabeluleki.
2020	I-UAE yethula umkhankaso wayo wokuqala ku-Mars, i-Hope orbiter, iqinisa izifiso zayo zesikhala.
2021	I-UAE igubha iminyaka engama-50 yasungulwa futhi imemezela uhlelo olulandelayo lwezomnotho lwama-50.

Le micimbi igqamisa umsuka wesifunda se-Trucial, umthelela waseBrithani, izigigaba ezibalulekile ekuhlanganisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-UAE okuxhaswe uwoyela, kanye nemizamo yayo yakamuva yokuhlukahluka kanye nezimpumelelo zendawo.

Obani ababeyizibalo ezibalulekile emlandweni we-UAE?

• USheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan – Ubaba ongumsunguli oyinhloko owaba nguMongameli wokuqala we-UAE ngo-1971 ngemva kokubusa kakade e-Abu Dhabi kusukela ngo-1966. Wahlanganisa ama-emirates futhi waqondisa izwe phakathi namashumi eminyaka okuqala.
• USheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum - Umbusi onamandla wase-Dubai owaqale waphikisana nokuhlanganiswa kwe-UAE kodwa kamuva wajoyina njengePhini Likamongameli ngo-1971. Wasiza ukuguqula i-Dubai ibe yindawo enkulu yebhizinisi.
• USheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan - UMongameli wamanje, walandela uyise uSheikh Zayed ngo-2004 futhi uqhubekile nezinqubomgomo zokuhlukahluka kwezomnotho nentuthuko.
• USheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum - UNdunankulu wamanje, iPhini likaMongameli kanye nombusi waseDubai, uye wengamela ukukhula okuqhumayo kweDubai njengedolobha lomhlaba wonke kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-2000s.
• USheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi - Umbusi osebenze isikhathi eside kunabo bonke, wabusa uRas Al Khaimah iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-60 kwaze kwaba ngu-2010 futhi waphikisana nethonya laseBrithani.

Iyiphi indima eyadlalwa uwoyela ekubumbeni umlando we-UAE?

• Ngaphambi kokutholakala kukawoyela, lesi sifunda sasingathuthukisiwe kakhulu, sinomnotho wokuziphilisa osekelwe ekudobeni, amaparele kanye nohwebo oluyisisekelo.
• Ngeminyaka yawo-1950-60s, amadiphozithi amakhulu kawoyela aphesheya kwezilwandle aqala ukusetshenziswa, ahlinzeka ingcebo enkulu eyayixhasa ngezimali ingqalasizinda, intuthuko kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi.
• Imali etholwayo kawoyela ivumele i-UAE ukuthi ibe yesimanje ngokushesha ngemva kokuthola inkululeko, ishintsha isuka emanzini ampofu yaya esizweni esicebile emashumini ambalwa eminyaka.
• Kodwa-ke, ubuholi be-UAE bubuye babona isimo sikawoyela esinemikhawulo futhi sebusebenzise imali engenayo ukuhlukanisa umnotho ube ezokuvakasha, ezondiza, izindlu nezinsiza.
• Yize ingasancikile kuwoyela kuphela, ukuchuma okulethwa ukuthunyelwa kwe-hydrocarbon kwaba yimbangela eyavumela ukukhuphuka komnotho we-meteoric we-UAE nokwenza kube simanjemanje.

Ngakho-ke ingcebo kawoyela yaba inguquko ebalulekile eyasusa ama-emirates ebuphofini futhi yavumela umbono wabasunguli be-UAE ukuthi ugcwaliseke ngokushesha okukhulu ngemva kuka-1971.

Ngabe i-UAE iguquke kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuya ngamasiko ayo, umnotho, kanye nomphakathi?

Ngokwesiko, i-UAE igcine amagugu ayo ama-Arab kanye ne-Islamic ngenkathi yamukela isimanjemanje. Amagugu endabuko afana nokungenisa izihambi ahlala ndawonye nokuvuleleka kwamanye amasiko. Ngokomnotho, yashintsha isuka emnothweni wokuziphilisa yaya endaweni yezohwebo yesifunda kanye nesikhungo sezokuvakasha esixhaswe ingcebo kawoyela nokuhlukahluka. Ngokwenhlalo, izizwe kanye nemindeni eyandisiwe ihlala ibalulekile kodwa umphakathi usukhule ngokushesha emadolobheni njengoba abaphuma kwamanye amazwe badlula abantu bendawo.

Ngabe umlando we-UAE ube nomthelela kanjani esimweni sawo samanje?

Umlando we-UAE njengendawo ewugwadule yesizwe ngaphansi kwethonya laseBrithani wakha izikhungo zayo zangaleso sikhathi kanye nobunikazi bayo. Uhlelo lukahulumeni lulinganisa ukuzimela okufiswa ama-sheikhdoms angaphambili angu-7. Imindeni ebusayo igcina igunya lezombusazwe ngenkathi iqondisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Ukusebenzisa ingcebo kawoyela ukuze kwakhiwe umnotho wezohwebo ohlukahlukene kukhombisa izifundo zokwehla kwezinga elidlule lemboni yamaparele.

Yiziphi ezinye zezindawo ezibalulekile zomlando ongazivakashela e-UAE?

I-Al Fahidi Historical Neighborhood (Dubai) - Le ndawo yenqaba elungisiwe ibonisa izakhiwo zendabuko namamnyuziyamu amagugu e-Emirati. I-Qasr Al Hosn (Abu Dhabi) - Isakhiwo samatshe esidala kunazo zonke e-Abu Dhabi esakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1700s, ngaphambili esasiyikhaya lomndeni obusayo. I-Mleiha Archaeological Site (Sharjah) - Izinsalela zendawo yokuhlala yabantu yasendulo enamathuna nezinto zobuciko ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-7,000 ubudala. I-Fujairah Fort (Fujairah) - Inqaba ebuyiselwe eyakhiwe ngamaPutukezi kusukela ngo-1670 ebheke izindawo ezindala zedolobha.