Gbigbe refers to the crime of falsifying a document, signature, banknote, artwork, or other item in order to deceive others. It is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant legal penalties. This article provides an in-depth examination of various forms of forgery recognized under UAE law, the corresponding legal provisions, and the severe punishments that await those found guilty of such offenses.
What is the Definition of Forgery under UAE Law?
Gbigbe jẹ ilana ti ṣiṣe, ṣatunṣe, tabi afarawe awọn nkan tabi awọn iwe aṣẹ pẹlu ero lati tan. Ó wé mọ́ dídá irọ́ kan jáde láti lè jèrè àǹfààní. Eyi pẹlu owo ayederu, ṣiṣẹda awọn iṣẹ ọna iro, awọn ibuwọlu ayederu lori awọn iwe aṣẹ ti ofin, iyipada awọn sọwedowo lati ji owo, ati ẹtan miiran akitiyan. It is defined under Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 (Penal Code) in Article 216.
Awọn aaye bọtini diẹ wa ti o ṣe iyatọ awọn ayederu ni gbogbogbo lati awọn ẹda tabi awọn atunṣe:
- Idi lati tan tabi tan – Forgeries ti wa ni da pẹlu aisan idi kuku ju fun abẹ atunse.
- Aṣoju eke – Forgers yoo beere ise won ni abẹ tabi da nipa elomiran.
- Iyipada iye - A ṣe awọn ayipada lati mu iye pọ si tabi ṣẹda diẹ ninu awọn anfani.
Diẹ ninu awọn apẹẹrẹ ti o wọpọ ti awọn ohun kan ti a fojusi nipasẹ ayederu include contracts, checks, currency, identification documents, historical artifacts, artworks, collectibles, and financial transaction records. The key point is that forgery usually involves official legal documents or instruments. Not every imitation qualifies as forgery – only those involving legal/money records falsified illegally.
What are the Different Types of Forgery Recognized in UAE?
Nibẹ ni o wa nọmba kan ti imuposi lo lati ṣẹda ayederu da lori iru awọn ti ohun kan ti wa ni falsified. Awọn oriṣi ti o wọpọ ti ayederu pẹlu:
Ayederu iwe
Eyi pẹlu ṣiṣẹda awọn iwe aṣẹ iro tabi iyipada alaye lori awọn iwe aṣẹ fun awọn idi arekereke. Awọn ibi-afẹde ti o wọpọ pẹlu:
- Awọn iwe aṣẹ idanimọ - Awọn iwe-aṣẹ awakọ, awọn iwe irinna, awọn kaadi aabo awujọ.
- Awọn iwe aṣẹ ti owo - Awọn sọwedowo, awọn ibere isanwo, awọn ohun elo awin.
- Ofin iwe - Awọn adehun, awọn ifẹ, awọn iṣe, awọn igbasilẹ ọmọ ile-iwe.
Aṣoju imuposi ni iro ni, fidipo oju-iwe, fifi ọrọ tuntun sori awọn iwe aṣẹ tootọ, piparẹ tabi fifi alaye kun, wiwa awọn ibuwọlu lati awọn iwe aṣẹ miiran.
Ayederu Ibuwọlu
Ayederu Ibuwọlu fojusi ni pataki lori sisọ orukọ alailẹgbẹ ẹnikan ti a fi ọwọ kọ. Awọn ibi-afẹde ti o wọpọ pẹlu:
- sọwedowo - Iyipada iye, payee orukọ, tabi ayederu ibuwọlu duroa.
- Awọn iwe aṣẹ ofin - Forging awọn ibuwọlu lori awọn ifẹ, awọn adehun, awọn iṣẹ.
- ise ona - Ṣafikun awọn ibuwọlu iro lati mu iye pọ si.
- Awọn nkan itan - Isọtọ eke awọn nkan si awọn eeya olokiki.
Awọn ayederu kọ ẹkọ lati farawera awọn aaye bii awọn apẹrẹ lẹta, awọn orin ikọwe, aṣẹ ọpọlọ ati titẹ.
Àgàbàgebè
Àgàbàgebè pẹlu ṣiṣe awọn ẹda iro ti awọn nkan ti o niyelori pẹlu ero lati tako awọn iṣowo ati awọn alabara. Awọn ibi-afẹde pẹlu:
- owo – Pupọ counterfeited – $100 owo ni US. Up to $ 70 million san.
- Awọn ọja igbadun - Awọn aṣọ apẹẹrẹ, awọn iṣọ, awọn ohun-ọṣọ gba daakọ.
- Kirẹditi / debiti kaadi – Le ti wa ni pidánpidán pẹlu ji data.
- tiketi - Irin-ajo iro, awọn tikẹti iṣẹlẹ ta lori ayelujara.
Awọn atẹwe ti o ni ilọsiwaju ati awọn ẹya aabo titun jẹ ki awọn ayederu ode oni ni idaniloju pupọ.
Ayederu aworan
Ayederu aworan tọka si ṣiṣẹda awọn iṣẹ ti o jọra si ti awọn oṣere olokiki ati gbigbe wọn kuro bi awọn aworan atilẹba tabi awọn ere. Awọn idii pẹlu ọlá, afọwọsi, ati awọn ere nla lati ọdọ awọn olugba aworan ti o nfẹ lati san owo nla fun awọn ege ti o ṣọwọn, ti sọnu.
Awọn ayederu dedicate years iwadi awọn ošere 'ohun elo, imuposi ati aza. Pupọ ni talenti iṣẹ ọna akude funrara wọn, ti o ni itara kẹkọ awọn ilana ikọlu, iṣẹ fẹlẹ, awọn ilana craquelure ti kikun ati ṣiṣatunṣe awọn iro ti o le tan awọn amoye giga jẹ.
Digital Media ayederu
Ilọsiwaju ni imọ-ẹrọ ti jẹ ki awọn media oni-nọmba ṣe iro pẹlu awọn aworan, fidio, ohun, awọn oju opo wẹẹbu ati diẹ sii. Awọn jinde ti deepfakes ṣe afihan awọn imuposi AI ti o lagbara fun ṣiṣẹda awọn fidio iro ti o ni idaniloju ti awọn eniyan n ṣe tabi sọ awọn nkan ti wọn ko ṣe rara.
Awọn imọ-ẹrọ ti o wọpọ miiran pẹlu awọn aworan fọtoyiya, ṣiṣafọwọyi awọn agekuru ohun, awọn oju opo wẹẹbu fifọ, yiyipada awọn iwe aṣẹ ti a ṣayẹwo, tabi iṣelọpọ awọn sikirinisoti ati awọn aami. Awọn wọnyi le ṣee lo fun ẹgan, alaye ti ko tọ, ikọlu ararẹ, ole idanimo ati awọn itanjẹ ori ayelujara.
Seal Forgery
Seal forgery is a specific type of forgery that involves the unauthorized creation, replication, or alteration of official seals or stamps used by government entities, organizations, or businesses. These seals serve as a means of validating the authenticity and legitimacy of important documents, contracts, certificates, and other official records.
The gravity of seal forgery lies in its potential to undermine the credibility and integrity of these essential documents. By creating counterfeit seals or modifying existing ones, perpetrators can produce forged documents that appear genuine, potentially leading to legal, financial, or reputational consequences for individuals or organizations.
What is the difference Between Forgery and Falsification?
| aspect | Gbigbe | Irọsọ |
|---|---|---|
| definition | Creating a false document, object or imitation from scratch with intent to deceive or defraud, as defined in Article 216 of the UAE Penal Code. | Altering or tampering with an originally genuine document or object in order to misrepresent facts, as per Article 215. |
| apeere | Counterfeiting currency, fake university degrees, forged artwork, false identities or signatures. | Modifying official reports, changing contract terms, adulterating product labels or specifications. |
| Itara | Clear intent to deceive by creating something completely false. | Intent to misrepresent the truth by altering genuine items. |
| Ipaba | Temporary imprisonment and/or fine. For expatriates, deportation may apply in some cases. | Detention, fine and/or deportation depending on severity. Harsher for public officials. |
| Iyatọ | If falsification occurs during the forgery process, both crimes are punishable separately. | If forgery is part of the falsification process, both are considered one crime with combined penalty. |
| Awọn apeere | Some exemptions for artworks, satire or when no fraudulent intent. | Very limited exemptions apply. |
| Other Crimes | Often linked to fraud, using forged documents, etc. | May also involve abuse of office or other violations. |
The main distinction is that forgery starts from scratch to create something completely false, while falsification deceitfully modifies genuine documents or objects. UAE laws address both crimes severely to uphold integrity.
What are the Punishments for Forgery in UAE?
Forgery offenses in the UAE are dealt with sternly, and penalties can be severe based on the type of crime committed. Here are the potential punishments for selected forgery offenses:
Ayederu iwe
- For official documents: Temporary jail time up to 10 years (UAE Penal Code Article 251)
- For unofficial documents: Court-determined imprisonment, less severe than official document forgery
- Using forged document copies: Up to 5 years behind bars (UAE Penal Code Article 217)
Ayederu Ibuwọlu
- Replicating signatures on documents falls under the punishments for document forgery crimes
Àgàbàgebè
- Counterfeiting currency is considered highly disruptive to the financial system
- Harsh sentences including lengthy imprisonment and steep fines apply
Ayederu aworan
- Penalties vary based on the value of the forged artwork and intent (deceiving buyers, tarnishing artist’s reputation)
- Can range from monetary fines to incarceration, depending on the specifics
Digital Media ayederu
- Under Federal Decree-Law No. 34/2021:
- Forging federal/local govt electronic documents: Temporary jail time and AED 150,000-750,000 fine
- Forging documents of other entities: Detention and/or AED 100,000-300,000 fine
Seal Forgery
- Considered part of document forgery offenses
- Subject to the punishments outlined for document forgery crimes
It’s clear the UAE takes a zero-tolerance approach to any kind of forgery, with penalties aimed at preventing such unlawful acts that undermine authenticity and trust.
Idilọwọ Forgeries
Idinku awọn iṣẹlẹ jegudujera nilo okeerẹ, idena siwa ti dojukọ:
Awọn iwe aṣẹ ifipamo
- Tọju awọn nkan ifarabalẹ ni aabo – awọn ibi aabo, awọn apoti titiipa, awọn awakọ ti paroko.
- Fi opin si wiwọle ti ara/nọmba oni nọmba pẹlu awọn ọfiisi titiipa, awọn eto imulo ọrọ igbaniwọle.
- Gba awọn kamẹra iwo-kakiri, awọn itaniji, oṣiṣẹ aabo.
Ijeri Technology
- Biometrics – awọn ika ọwọ, oju ati idanimọ iris.
- Blockchain – iwe afọwọkọ pinpin fun awọn iṣowo oni-nọmba.
- Awọn ibuwọlu oni nọmba – awọn idamọ ti paroko ti njẹri ododo.
User Education
- Kọ eniyan lati iranran ayederu - ṣe idanimọ awọn iwe aṣẹ ti a yipada, awọn ami omi, awọn ami ijẹrisi.
- Igbelaruge awọn ipolongo akiyesi ẹtan ti n ṣalaye awọn ewu ati awọn eto imulo idena.
Ṣọra igbanisise
- Awọn oṣiṣẹ vet ni kikun ṣaaju fifun iwe aṣẹ tabi iraye si owo.
- Ṣe awọn sọwedowo isale ọdaràn, awọn sọwedowo kirẹditi, ijẹrisi iṣẹ.
Ayederu erin imuposi
Ọpọlọpọ awọn imuposi oniwadi ni lilo nipasẹ awọn oniwadi ati iwe awọn oluyẹwo lati pinnu boya awọn ohun kan jẹ otitọ tabi ayederu:
- Iṣiro ọwọ kikọ - Ifiwera awọn akọwe, awọn slants, awọn ilana ikọlu, titẹ ati awọn ihuwasi iforukọsilẹ.
- Ayẹwo iwe - Ikẹkọ awọn ami omi, awọn aami, akopọ kemikali ati titete okun.
- Ijẹrisi inki - Awọ idanwo, atike kemikali, sisanra ti a ṣajọpọ.
- Aworan - Awọn microscopes, spectrometry, awọn idanwo ESDA ati sọfitiwia aworan kọnputa.
Afọwọkọ ati iwe amoye gba ikẹkọ lọpọlọpọ lati ṣe itupalẹ eto awọn abuda kikọ ati awọn ẹya aabo modẹmu. Wọn pese awọn ijabọ alaye lori awọn idanwo wọn ati awọn ipari nipa ododo.
Fun awọn iṣẹ-ọnà pataki ti n ṣe idiyele awọn ọgọọgọrun ẹgbẹrun tabi ṣiṣẹ pẹlu ẹri ti o ni ibeere, awọn oniwun lo itupalẹ imọ-jinlẹ lati jẹri ipilẹṣẹ ati ṣiṣafihan agbara ayederu. Awọn idanwo ṣayẹwo awọn ohun elo, idoti ọjọ-ori ati awọn fẹlẹfẹlẹ grime, awọn ontẹ kanfasi, ibaṣepọ radioisotope ati apakan infurarẹẹdi spectroscopy ti n ṣe ayẹwo awọn fẹlẹfẹlẹ awọ pupọ.
What is the Procedure for Filing a Forgery Case in Dubai?
If you suspect that you are a victim of forgery in Dubai, you can file a case with the Dubai Police. The first step is to go to the nearest police station and file an official complaint. Be prepared to provide details about the incident, any evidence you may have, such as forged documents or objects, and any information about the suspected perpetrator(s).
After lodging the complaint, the police will investigate the matter thoroughly. They may request additional documentation or evidence from you, and may also summon the accused for questioning. Depending on the complexity of the case, the investigation process can take some time.
Once the police have gathered sufficient evidence, they will forward the case to the Public Prosecution. The prosecutor will then review the case and decide whether to press charges or not. If charges are filed, the case will proceed to the Dubai Courts, where it will be tried according to the UAE’s laws on forgery. It’s advisable to seek legal counsel to guide you through the judicial process.
How a Specialized Lawyer can help?
Navigating a forgery case in the UAE can be an intricate and daunting process, given the serious nature of the offense and the complexities involved in the country’s legal system. Seeking assistance from a lawyer who specializes in handling forgery cases can prove to be invaluable in such situations.
A specialized lawyer will possess in-depth knowledge and a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, court procedures, and evidentiary requirements specific to forgery offenses. They can provide expert guidance on building a strong case, gathering and presenting evidence effectively, and representing you competently in court. Their familiarity with the nuances of such cases can be crucial in formulating the right legal strategies.
Moreover, an experienced forgery lawyer can offer valuable insights into the potential outcomes and consequences of the case, enabling you to make informed decisions. They can also negotiate with the authorities on your behalf, advocate for your rights, and ensure that the legal process is fair and transparent. Their expertise in handling similar cases can significantly increase your chances of achieving a favorable resolution.
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