The United Arab Emirates has established a comprehensive penal code that serves as the foundation for its criminal law. This legal framework plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order within the country while reflecting the cultural values and traditions of the UAE society. An understanding of the UAE’s penal code is essential for residents, visitors, and businesses operating in the nation to ensure compliance and avoid legal consequences. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the criminal law of the UAE, exploring the key aspects and provisions outlined in the penal code.

What is The Main Criminal Law Governing The UAE?

The UAE Penal Code, officially known as the Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 on Issuance of the Penal Code, recently updated in 2022 with Federal Law No. 31 of 2021, is based on a combination of Sharia (Islamic law) principles and contemporary legal practices. In addition to Islamic principles, the criminal process in Dubai draws regulation from the Criminal Procedures Law No 35 of 1991. This law directs the filing of criminal complaints, criminal investigations, trial processes, judgments, and appeals.

Hlavními hráči zapojenými do trestního procesu ve Spojených arabských emirátech jsou oběť/stěžovatel, obviněná osoba/obžalovaný, policie, státní zástupce a soudy. Trestní procesy obvykle začínají, když oběť podá stížnost na obviněnou osobu na místní policejní stanici. Policie má povinnost vyšetřovat údajné trestné činy, zatímco státní zástupce obžalovaného obžaluje soud.

Soudní systém SAE zahrnuje tři hlavní soudy:

Soud prvního stupně: Po novém podání se všechny trestní případy dostanou k tomuto soudu. Soud se skládá z samosoudce, který případ projednává a vynáší rozsudek. Tři soudci však případ projednávají a rozhodují v soudním řízení o těžkém zločinu (které nese tvrdé tresty). V této fázi není přípustný proces před porotou.
Odvolací soud: Poté, co soud prvního stupně vynese svůj rozsudek, může kterákoli strana podat odvolání k odvolacímu soudu. Upozorňujeme, že tento soud věc znovu neprojednává. Musí pouze určit, zda v rozsudku soudu nižší instance došlo k omylu.
Kasační soud: Každý, kdo není spokojen s rozsudkem odvolacího soudu, se může dále odvolat ke kasačnímu soudu. Rozhodnutí tohoto soudu je konečné.

V případě odsouzení za trestný čin, pochopení Trestní proces odvolání ve Spojených arabských emirátech je zásadní. Zkušený trestní odvolání právník může pomoci identifikovat důvody pro odvolání proti rozsudku nebo trestu.

What are the key principles and provisions of the UAE’s Penal Code?

The UAE Penal Code (Federal Law No. 3 of 1987) is based on a combination of Sharia (Islamic law) principles and contemporary legal concepts. It aims to maintain law and order while preserving the cultural and religious values of the UAE society, as per the general principles outlined in Article 1.

Principles Derived from Sharia Law

Prohibitions on activities like gambling, alcohol consumption, illicit sexual relations
Hudud crimes like theft and adultery have Sharia-prescribed punishments e.g. amputation, stoning
Retributive “eye for an eye” justice for crimes like murder and bodily harm

Contemporary Legal Principles

Codification and standardization of laws across emirates
Clearly defined crimes, penalties, statutory limitations
Due process, presumption of innocence, right to counsel

Klíčová ustanovení

Crimes against state security – treason, terrorism, etc.
Crimes against individuals – murder, assault, defamation, honor crimes
Financial crimes – fraud, breach of trust, counterfeiting, money laundering
Cybercrimes – hacking, online fraud, illegal content
Public safety, moral crimes, prohibited activities

The Penal Code blends Sharia and contemporary principles, though some provisions face human rights criticism. Consulting local legal experts is recommended.

Criminal Law vs Criminal Procedure Law in the UAE

Criminal Law defines the substantive rules that establish what constitutes a crime and prescribe the punishment or penalty to be imposed for proven offenses. It is covered under the UAE Penal Code (Federal Law No. 3 of 1987).

Klíčové aspekty:

Categories and classifications of crimes
Elements that must be proven for an act to qualify as a crime
The punishment or sentence corresponding to each crime

For example, the Penal Code defines murder as a criminal offense and specifies the punishment for someone convicted of murder.

Criminal Procedure Law, on the other hand, establishes the procedural rules and processes for enforcing the substantive criminal laws. It is outlined in the UAE Criminal Procedure Law (Federal Law No. 35 of 1992).

Klíčové aspekty:

Powers and limitations of law enforcement in investigations
Procedures for arrest, detention, and charging an accused
Rights and protections afforded to the accused
Conducting trials and court proceedings
The appeals process after a judgment

For instance, it lays down rules for collecting evidence, the process of charging someone, conducting a fair trial, and the appeals mechanism.

While criminal law defines what a crime is, criminal procedure law ensures those substantive laws are implemented properly through an established judicial process, from investigation to prosecution and trials.

The former outlines legal consequences, the latter enables enforcement of those laws.

Klasifikace trestných činů a zločinů v trestním právu SAE

Před podáním trestního oznámení je nezbytné se seznámit s typy trestných činů a trestných činů podle práva SAE. Existují tři hlavní typy přestupků a jejich tresty:

Přestupky (porušení): Toto je nejméně přísná kategorie nebo méně závažný trestný čin trestných činů SAE. Zahrnují jakýkoli čin nebo opomenutí, za které hrozí trest nebo trest nejvýše 10 dnů vězení nebo maximální pokuta 1,000 XNUMX dirhamů.
Přestupky: A misdemeanor is punishable with confinement, a fine of 1,000 to 10,000 dirhams at most, or deportation. The offence or penalty may also attract Diyyat, islámská platba „krvavých peněz“.
Zločiny: Jde o nejtvrdší zločiny podle práva SAE a trestá se maximálně doživotním vězením, smrtí, popř. Diyyat.

How Are Criminal Laws Enforced in The UAE?

Criminal laws in the UAE are enforced through the combined efforts of law enforcement agencies, the public prosecution, and the judicial system, as outlined in the UAE Criminal Procedure Law. The process typically begins with an investigation conducted by police authorities upon receiving information about a potential crime. They have the power to summon individuals, collect evidence, make arrests, and refer cases to the public prosecution.

The public prosecution then reviews the evidence and decides whether to press formal charges or dismiss the case. If charges are filed, the case proceeds to trial in the relevant court – the Court of First Instance for felonies and misdemeanors, and the Court of Misdemeanors for lesser offenses. Trials are overseen by judges who evaluate the evidence and testimonies presented by the prosecution and defense.

After the court issues a judgment, both the convicted person and the prosecution reserve the right to appeal to higher courts like the Court of Appeal and then the Court of Cassation. The enforcement of final verdicts and sentences is carried out through the police, public prosecution, and the prison system in the UAE.

soudní systémy Spojených arabských emirátů

What is The Process For Reporting A Crime in The UAE?

When a crime occurs in the UAE, the first step is to file a complaint with the police at the nearest station, preferably close to where the incident took place. This can be done either orally or in writing, but the complaint must clearly detail the events that constitute the alleged criminal offense.

The police will have the complainant provide their statement, which is recorded in Arabic and must be signed. Additionally, UAE law allows complainants to call witnesses who can corroborate their account and lend credibility to the allegations. Having witnesses provide supplementary context can greatly aid the subsequent criminal investigation.

Once a complaint is filed, the relevant authorities commence an investigation to verify the claims and attempt to identify and locate potential suspects. Depending on the nature of the crime, this could involve legal officers from the police, immigration officials, coast guards, municipality inspectors, border patrol, and other law enforcement agencies.

A key part of the investigation is interrogating any identified suspects and taking their statements. The suspects also have the right to present their own witnesses to support their version of events. Authorities collect and analyze all available evidence such as documents, photos/videos, forensics, and witness testimony.

If the investigation finds sufficient evidence of a criminal act, the public prosecutor then decides whether to press formal charges. If charges are filed, the case proceeds to the UAE courts as per the Criminal Procedure Law.

At this stage, those looking to pursue a criminal case against another party should take certain steps in addition to the police complaint:

Obtain a medical report documenting any injuries
Gather other evidence like insurance records and witness statements
Consult an experienced criminal defense lawyer

If the prosecutor moves forward with charges, the complainant may need to file a civil lawsuit to have the criminal case heard in court.

Jaké druhy trestných činů lze nahlásit?

Následující zločiny mohou být hlášeny policii v SAE:

Vražda
Zabití člověka
Znásilnění
Sexuální útok
Vlámání
Krádež
Zpronevěra
Případy související s dopravou
Padělání
Padělání
Drogové trestné činy
Jakýkoli jiný trestný čin nebo činnost, která porušuje zákon

V případě incidentů souvisejících s bezpečností nebo obtěžováním lze policii kontaktovat přímo prostřednictvím jejich služby Aman na čísle 8002626 nebo prostřednictvím SMS na číslo 8002828. Kromě toho mohou jednotlivci hlásit trestné činy online prostřednictvím Webové stránky policie v Abu Dhabi nebo na jakékoli pobočce oddělení pro vyšetřování zločinu (CID) v Dubaji.

What Are The Procedures For Criminal Investigations And Trials in The UAE?

Criminal investigations in the UAE are governed by the Criminal Procedure Law and overseen by the public prosecution. When a crime is reported, the police and other law enforcement agencies conduct an initial investigation to gather evidence. This can involve:

Questioning suspects, victims, and witnesses
Collecting physical evidence, documents, recordings etc.
Conducting searches, seizures, and forensic analysis
Working with experts and consultants as needed

The findings are presented to the public prosecution, who reviews the evidence and decides whether to press charges or dismiss the case. The Public Prosecutor will invite and separately interview the complainant and suspect to ascertain their stories. At this stage, either party may produce witnesses to verify their account and help the Public Prosecutor determine if a charge is necessary. Statements at this stage are also made or translated into Arabic and signed by both parties. If charges are filed, the prosecution prepares the case for trial.

Criminal trials in the UAE take place in the courts under the purview of judges. The process typically involves:

The charges being read out by the prosecution
The defendant entering a plea of guilty or not guilty
The prosecution and defense presenting their evidence and arguments
Examination of witnesses from both sides
Closing statements from prosecution and defense

The judge(s) then deliberate in private and issue a reasoned judgment – acquitting the defendant if not convinced of guilt beyond reasonable doubt or issuing a conviction and sentence if they find the defendant guilty based on the evidence.

Both the convicted person and prosecution have the right to appeal to higher courts against the judgment or sentence. The appeals courts review the case records and may uphold or overturn the lower court’s decision.

Throughout the process, certain rights such as presumption of innocence, access to legal counsel, and standards of evidence and proof must be upheld as per UAE law. Criminal courts handle cases ranging from minor offenses to serious crimes like financial fraud, cybercrimes, and violence.

Je možné zahájit trestní řízení, pokud se nepodaří najít pachatele?

Ano, v některých případech je možné zahájit trestní řízení, i když se nepodaří pachatele vypátrat. Předpokládejme, že oběť shromáždila důkazy dokumentující, jak byla zraněna, a může poskytnout jasnou dokumentaci o tom, kdy a kde k incidentu došlo. V takovém případě bude možné zahájit trestní řízení.

What Are The Legal Rights Of Victims Under UAE’s Criminal Law?

The UAE takes measures to protect and uphold the rights of crime victims during the legal process. Key rights afforded to victims under the UAE Criminal Procedure Law and other regulations include:

Right to File a Criminal Complaint Victims have the right to report crimes and initiate legal proceedings against perpetrators
Rights During Investigation

Right to have complaints promptly and thoroughly investigated
Right to provide evidence and witness testimony
Right to participate in certain investigative measures

Rights During Trial

Right to access legal counsel and representation
Right to attend court hearings unless excluded for reasons
Right to review/comment on evidence submitted

Right to Seek Damages/Compensation

Right to claim compensation from perpetrators for damages, injuries, medical expenses and other quantifiable losses
Victims can also seek reimbursement for travel and other expenses but not for wages/income lost due to time spent attending court proceedings

Rights Related to Privacy, Safety and Support

Right to have identities protected and kept confidential if required
Right to protection measures for victims of crimes like human trafficking, violence etc.
Access to victim support services, shelters, counseling and financial aid funds

The UAE has established mechanisms for victims to claim damages and compensation through civil lawsuits against perpetrators. Additionally, victims have the right to legal assistance and can appoint lawyers or have legal aid assigned. Support entities also provide free advice and counsel.

Overall, UAE laws aim to safeguard victims’ rights to privacy, prevent re-victimization, ensure safety, enable compensation claims, and provide rehabilitation services during the criminal justice process.

Jaká je role obhájce v trestních věcech?

Obhájce je odpovědný za obhajobu pachatele u soudu. Mohou zpochybnit důkazy předložené státním zástupcem a namítnout, že pachatel by měl být propuštěn nebo mu byl udělen nižší trest.

Zde jsou některé z povinností, které trestní právník hraje v trestních případech:

Obhájce může při soudních jednáních hovořit jménem pachatele.
Pokud případ skončí odsouzením, bude právník spolupracovat s obžalovaným na stanovení přiměřeného trestu a předloží polehčující okolnosti ke snížení trestu.
Při sjednávání dohody o vině a trestu s obžalobou může obhájce podat doporučení ke snížení trestu.
Obhájce je odpovědný za zastupování obžalovaného při slyšení o odsouzení.

Jaká je role forenzních důkazů v trestních věcech?

Forenzní důkazy se často používají v trestních případech ke zjištění skutečností incidentu. To může zahrnovat důkazy DNA, otisky prstů, balistické důkazy a další typy vědeckých důkazů.

Jaká je role policie v trestních věcech?

Po nahlášení podnětu jej policie předá příslušným útvarům (oddělení soudního lékařství, oddělení elektronické kriminality atd.) k přezkoumání.

Policie poté stížnost předá státnímu zastupitelství, kde bude podle trestního zákoníku Spojených arabských emirátů pověřen státní zástupce, který ji přezkoumá.

Policie také stížnost prošetří a shromáždí důkazy na podporu případu. Mohou také pachatele zatknout a zadržet.

Jaká je role státního zástupce v trestních věcech?

Když je stížnost postoupena státnímu zastupitelství, bude k jejímu přezkoumání přidělen státní zástupce. Státní zástupce pak rozhodne, zda bude případ stíhat či nikoli. Mohou se také rozhodnout případ odložit, pokud neexistují dostatečné důkazy na jeho podporu.

Státní zástupce bude také spolupracovat s policií na prošetření stížnosti a shromažďování důkazů. Mohou také pachatele zatknout a zadržet.

Jaká je role advokáta oběti v trestních věcech?

V některých případech může být pachatel odsouzen a nařízeno mu, aby oběti zaplatil odškodné. Právník oběti bude během vynesení rozsudku nebo později spolupracovat se soudem, aby shromáždil důkazy, aby zjistil, zda má pachatel finanční schopnosti oběti odškodnit.

Právník oběti ji také může zastupovat v občanskoprávních sporech proti pachatelům.

Pokud jste byli obviněni ze spáchání trestného činu, je nezbytné vyhledat služby trestního právníka. Budou vám schopni poradit ohledně vašich práv a zastupovat vás u soudu.

How Does The UAE’s Criminal law Handle Cases Involving Foreigners Or Visitors?

The United Arab Emirates enforces its comprehensive legal system equally on citizens and non-citizens for any criminal offenses committed within its borders. Foreign nationals, expatriate residents, and visitors are all subject to the UAE’s criminal laws and judicial processes without exception.

If accused of a crime in the UAE, foreigners will go through arrest, charges, and prosecution via the local courts where the alleged offense occurred. Proceedings are in Arabic, with translation provided if needed. The same standards of evidence, legal representation provisions, and sentencing guidelines apply regardless of one’s nationality or residency status.

It’s crucial for foreigners to understand that actions acceptable elsewhere may constitute crimes in the UAE due to differences in laws and cultural norms. Ignorance of the law does not excuse criminal behavior.

Embassies may offer consular assistance, but the UAE maintains full authority over prosecution of foreign defendants. Respecting local laws is a must for visitors and residents alike.

Moreover, foreigners should note that they may face detention during investigations, with pre-trial procedures and rights to understand. Court cases can also experience lengthy delays impacting one’s stay. Uniquely, double jeopardy principles from other nations may not apply – the UAE could retry someone for an offense they faced prosecution for elsewhere previously.

Co když je oběť v jiné zemi?

Pokud se oběť nenachází ve Spojených arabských emirátech, může přesto poskytnout důkazy na podporu trestního případu. To lze provést pomocí videokonferencí, online výpovědí a dalších metod shromažďování důkazů.

How Can One Check The Status Of A Criminal Case Or Police Complaint in The UAE?

The method for tracking the progress of a criminal matter or police complaint filed in the United Arab Emirates varies based on the emirate where the case originated. The two most populous emirates, Dubai and Abu Dhabi, have distinct approaches.

dubaj

In Dubai, residents can utilize an online portal created by the Dubai Police force that allows case status checks by simply entering the reference number. However, if this digital service is inaccessible, alternative contact options like:

The police call center
email
Website/app live chat

Abu Dhabi

On the other hand, Abu Dhabi takes a different route by offering a dedicated case tracking service through the Abu Dhabi Judicial Department’s website. To use this, one must first register for an account using their Emirates ID number and date of birth before gaining access to view case details online.

Obecné tipy

No matter which emirate is involved, retaining the specific case reference number is vital for any online inquiry about its status and progress.

If the digital options are unavailable or experiencing technical difficulties, directly contacting either the original police station where the complaint was filed or the judicial authorities overseeing the case can provide the necessary updates.

It’s important to note that while these online tracking services aim to increase transparency, they are still evolving systems that may encounter limitations periodically. Traditional channels of communication with law enforcement and the courts remain reliable alternatives.

How Does the UAE’s Criminal Law Handle Arbitration or Alternative Dispute Resolution?

The UAE criminal law system primarily deals with prosecution of criminal offenses through the court system. However, it does allow for arbitration and alternative dispute resolution methods in certain cases before formal charges are brought.

For minor criminal complaints, police authorities may first attempt to resolve the matter through mediation between the parties involved. If a settlement is reached, the case can be closed without proceeding to trial. This is commonly used for issues like bounced cheques, minor assaults, or other misdemeanors.

Binding arbitration is also recognized for certain civil matters that have criminal implications, such as labor disputes or commercial conflicts. An appointed arbitration panel can render a decision that is legally enforceable. But for more serious criminal allegations, the case will go through the standard prosecution channels in the UAE courts.

Why Do You Need A Local Specialized And Experienced Criminal Lawyer

Facing criminal charges in the United Arab Emirates demands specialist legal expertise that only a local, seasoned criminal lawyer can provide. The UAE’s unique legal system, blending civil and Sharia laws, requires in-depth knowledge that comes from years of experience working within its judicial processes. A lawyer based in the Emirates understands the nuances that international practitioners may overlook.

More than just comprehending the laws, a local criminal lawyer serves as an invaluable guide for navigating the UAE’s courts. They are well-versed in the protocols, procedures and dynamics of the justice system. Their linguistic proficiency in Arabic ensures accurate translation of documents and clear communication during hearings. Aspects like these can be critical advantages.

Additionally, UAE lawyers with established careers often possess connections, reputation and a deep cultural understanding – assets that can benefit a client’s case strategy. They grasp how the society’s customs and values interplay with the laws. This context informs how they construct legal defenses and negotiate for favorable resolutions with authorities.

From managing different criminal charges to handling evidence properly, a specialized local criminal lawyer has honed tactics specific to the UAE Courts. Their strategic representation draws from direct experience uniquely relevant to your situation. While all legal counsel is important when accused, having an advocate deeply ensconced in UAE criminal law can make a pivotal difference.

Ať už jste byli vyšetřováni, zatčeni nebo obviněni z trestného činu ve Spojených arabských emirátech, je nezbytné mít právníka, který rozumí zákonům dané země. Vaše právní konzultace s námi pomůže nám porozumět vaší situaci a obavám. Kontaktujte nás a domluvte si schůzku. Zavolejte nám nyní Naléhavá schůzka a schůzka na čísle +971506531334 +971558018669