Kechirish refers to the crime of falsifying a document, signature, banknote, artwork, or other item in order to deceive others. It is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant legal penalties. This article provides an in-depth examination of various forms of forgery recognized under UAE law, the corresponding legal provisions, and the severe punishments that await those found guilty of such offenses.
What is the Definition of Forgery under UAE Law?
Kechirish - aldash maqsadida buyumlar yoki hujjatlarni yasash, moslashtirish yoki taqlid qilish jarayoni. Bu ustunlikka erishish uchun yolg'on narsa yaratishni o'z ichiga oladi. Bunga pulni qalbakilashtirish, soxta sanʼat asarlarini yaratish, qonuniy hujjatlarda imzolarni qalbakilashtirish, pulni oʻgʻirlash uchun cheklarni oʻzgartirish va boshqa aldamchilik kiradi. faoliyati. It is defined under Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 (Penal Code) in Article 216.
Odatda qalbakilashtirishni nusxalar yoki replikatsiyalardan ajratib turadigan bir nechta asosiy jihatlar mavjud:
- Aldash yoki aldash niyati - Soxta narsalar qonuniy ko'paytirish uchun emas, balki yomon niyat bilan yaratilgan.
- Soxta vakillik - Soxtakorlar o'zlarining ishlari qonuniy yoki boshqa birov tomonidan yaratilgan deb da'vo qiladilar.
- Qiymat o'zgarishi - O'zgarishlar qiymatni oshirish yoki biron bir afzallik yaratish uchun amalga oshiriladi.
Maqsadli narsalarning ba'zi umumiy misollari soxtakorlar include contracts, checks, currency, identification documents, historical artifacts, artworks, collectibles, and financial transaction records. The key point is that forgery usually involves official legal documents or instruments. Not every imitation qualifies as forgery – only those involving legal/money records falsified illegally.
What are the Different Types of Forgery Recognized in UAE?
Yaratish uchun bir qator texnikalar qo'llaniladi soxta narsalar soxtalashtirilgan narsaning turiga qarab. Soxtalashtirishning keng tarqalgan turlariga quyidagilar kiradi:
Hujjatlarni qalbakilashtirish
Bu soxta hujjatlarni yaratish yoki qonuniy hujjatlardagi ma'lumotlarni firibgarlik maqsadida o'zgartirishni o'z ichiga oladi. Umumiy maqsadlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
- Shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlar – Haydovchilik guvohnomalari, pasportlar, ijtimoiy sug‘urta kartalari.
- Moliyaviy hujjatlar – Cheklar, to‘lov topshiriqlari, kredit arizalari.
- Huquqiy hujjatlar – Shartnomalar, vasiyatnomalar, dalolatnomalar, talaba yozuvlari.
Oddiy texnikalar o'z ichiga oladi qalbakilashtirish, sahifalarni almashtirish, haqiqiy hujjatlar ustiga yangi matn qo'yish, ma'lumotlarni o'chirish yoki qo'shish, boshqa hujjatlardan imzolarni kuzatish.
Imzolarni qalbakilashtirish
Imzolarni qalbakilashtirish alohida e'tiborni kimningdir qo'lyozma ismini soxtalashtirishga qaratadi. Umumiy maqsadlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
- Chexlar – Miqdorni, oluvchi nomini o‘zgartirish yoki tortma imzosini qalbakilashtirish.
- Huquqiy hujjatlar – vasiyatnomalar, shartnomalar, dalolatnomalardagi imzolarni qalbakilashtirish.
- san'at asarlari - Qiymatni oshirish uchun soxta imzolarni qo'shish.
- Tarixiy buyumlar - Mashhur shaxslarga noto'g'ri narsalarni berish.
Soxtakorlar harf shakllari, qalam ritmlari, zarba tartibi va bosim kabi jihatlarni diqqat bilan taqlid qilishni o'rganing.
Qalbaki qalbakilashtirish
Qalbaki qalbakilashtirish korxonalar va iste’molchilarni aldash maqsadida qimmatbaho buyumlarning soxta nusxalarini yasashni nazarda tutadi. Maqsadlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
- Valyutalar – Eng soxtalashtirilgan – AQShda 100 dollarlik banknotalar. 70 million dollargacha muomalada.
- Hashamatli tovarlar - Dizayner kiyimlari, soatlar, zargarlik buyumlari nusxalanadi.
- Kredit/debet kartalari - O'g'irlangan ma'lumotlar bilan takrorlanishi mumkin.
- chipta – Soxta sayohat, onlayn sotilgan tadbir chiptalari.
Murakkab printerlar va yangi xavfsizlik xususiyatlari zamonaviy kontrafaktlarni juda ishonarli qiladi.
San'at soxtaligi
San'at soxtaligi taniqli rassomlarning asarlariga o'xshash asarlar yaratish va ularni asl rasmlar yoki haykallar sifatida o'tkazishni nazarda tutadi. Motivlar orasida obro', tasdiqlash va noyob, yo'qolgan asarlar uchun katta pul to'lashga tayyor bo'lgan san'at kollektsionerlarining katta daromadlari kiradi.
Soxtakorlar yillar davomida rassomlarning materiallari, texnikasi va uslublarini o'rganishga bag'ishlang. Ko'pchilikning o'zlari katta badiiy iste'dodga ega, ular chizilgan naqshlarni, cho'tkalar bilan ishlashni, bo'yoqning krakel naqshlarini sinchkovlik bilan o'rganadilar va eng yaxshi mutaxassislarni aldashi mumkin bo'lgan soxta narsalarni takrorlaydilar.
Raqamli media qalbakilashtirish
Texnologiyaning rivojlanishi raqamli media, jumladan tasvirlar, videolar, audiolar, veb-saytlar va boshqalarni soxtalashtirishga imkon berdi. ning ko'tarilishi deepfakes odamlarning hech qachon qilmagan narsalarni qilayotgani yoki aytayotgani haqidagi ishonchli soxta videolarni yaratish uchun sun'iy intellektga asoslangan kuchli texnikani namoyish etadi.
Boshqa keng tarqalgan usullar orasida rasmlarni fotoshop qilish, audio kliplarni boshqarish, veb-saytlarni aldash, skanerlangan hujjatlarni o'zgartirish yoki ekran tasvirlari va logotiplarni yaratish kiradi. Ular tuhmat, noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar, fishing hujumlari, shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni o'g'irlash va onlayn firibgarlik uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.
Seal Forgery
Seal forgery is a specific type of forgery that involves the unauthorized creation, replication, or alteration of official seals or stamps used by government entities, organizations, or businesses. These seals serve as a means of validating the authenticity and legitimacy of important documents, contracts, certificates, and other official records.
The gravity of seal forgery lies in its potential to undermine the credibility and integrity of these essential documents. By creating counterfeit seals or modifying existing ones, perpetrators can produce forged documents that appear genuine, potentially leading to legal, financial, or reputational consequences for individuals or organizations.
What is the difference Between Forgery and Falsification?
| Aspect | Kechirish | Soxtalashtirish |
|---|---|---|
| aniqlash | Creating a false document, object or imitation from scratch with intent to deceive or defraud, as defined in Article 216 of the UAE Penal Code. | Altering or tampering with an originally genuine document or object in order to misrepresent facts, as per Article 215. |
| misollar | Counterfeiting currency, fake university degrees, forged artwork, false identities or signatures. | Modifying official reports, changing contract terms, adulterating product labels or specifications. |
| maqsad | Clear intent to deceive by creating something completely false. | Intent to misrepresent the truth by altering genuine items. |
| Penalti | Temporary imprisonment and/or fine. For expatriates, deportation may apply in some cases. | Detention, fine and/or deportation depending on severity. Harsher for public officials. |
| Qarama-qarshilik | If falsification occurs during the forgery process, both crimes are punishable separately. | If forgery is part of the falsification process, both are considered one crime with combined penalty. |
| Istisno | Some exemptions for artworks, satire or when no fraudulent intent. | Very limited exemptions apply. |
| Other Crimes | Often linked to fraud, using forged documents, etc. | May also involve abuse of office or other violations. |
The main distinction is that forgery starts from scratch to create something completely false, while falsification deceitfully modifies genuine documents or objects. UAE laws address both crimes severely to uphold integrity.
What are the Punishments for Forgery in UAE?
Forgery offenses in the UAE are dealt with sternly, and penalties can be severe based on the type of crime committed. Here are the potential punishments for selected forgery offenses:
Hujjatlarni qalbakilashtirish
- For official documents: Temporary jail time up to 10 years (UAE Penal Code Article 251)
- For unofficial documents: Court-determined imprisonment, less severe than official document forgery
- Using forged document copies: Up to 5 years behind bars (UAE Penal Code Article 217)
Imzolarni qalbakilashtirish
- Replicating signatures on documents falls under the punishments for document forgery crimes
Qalbaki qalbakilashtirish
- Counterfeiting currency is considered highly disruptive to the financial system
- Harsh sentences including lengthy imprisonment and steep fines apply
San'at soxtaligi
- Penalties vary based on the value of the forged artwork and intent (deceiving buyers, tarnishing artist’s reputation)
- Can range from monetary fines to incarceration, depending on the specifics
Raqamli media qalbakilashtirish
- Under Federal Decree-Law No. 34/2021:
- Forging federal/local govt electronic documents: Temporary jail time and AED 150,000-750,000 fine
- Forging documents of other entities: Detention and/or AED 100,000-300,000 fine
Seal Forgery
- Considered part of document forgery offenses
- Subject to the punishments outlined for document forgery crimes
It’s clear the UAE takes a zero-tolerance approach to any kind of forgery, with penalties aimed at preventing such unlawful acts that undermine authenticity and trust.
Soxtalashtirishning oldini olish
Firibgarlik hodisalarini kamaytirish uchun quyidagilarga yo‘naltirilgan keng qamrovli, qatlamli profilaktika zarur:
Hujjatlarni himoya qilish
- Nozik narsalarni xavfsiz saqlang - seyflar, qulflangan qutilar, shifrlangan drayvlar.
- Bloklangan ofislar, parol siyosati bilan jismoniy/raqamli kirishni cheklang.
- Kuzatuv kameralari, signalizatsiya, xavfsizlik xodimlarini ishga tushiring.
Autentifikatsiya texnologiyasi
- Biometrika - barmoq izlari, yuz va irisni aniqlash.
- Blockchain - raqamli tranzaktsiyalar uchun taqsimlangan daftar.
- Raqamli imzolar - haqiqiyligini tasdiqlovchi shifrlangan identifikatorlar.
Foydalanuvchi taʼlimi
- Xodimlarni aniqlashga o'rgating soxta narsalar – o‘zgartirilgan hujjatlarni, moybo‘yoqli belgilarni, tekshirish belgilarini aniqlash.
- Xatarlar va oldini olish siyosatlarini tushuntirib, firibgarlikdan xabardor bo'lish kampaniyalarini targ'ib qiling.
Ehtiyotkorlik bilan yollash
- Hujjat yoki moliyaviy ruxsat berishdan oldin xodimlarni yaxshilab tekshirib ko'ring.
- Jinoiy ma'lumotni tekshirish, kredit tekshiruvi, ish joyini tekshirish.
Soxtalikni aniqlash usullari
Tergovchilar va hujjatlar tomonidan bir nechta sud-tibbiyot usullari qo'llaniladi tekshiruvchilar buyumlarning haqiqiy yoki haqiqiy ekanligini aniqlash uchun soxta narsalar:
- Qo'l yozuvi tahlili - Shriftlarni, qiyalarni, zarba naqshlarini, bosim va imzo qo'yish odatlarini solishtirish.
- Qog'oz tahlili – Suv belgilari, logotiplar, kimyoviy tarkib va tolaning hizalanishini o‘rganish.
- Siyohni tekshirish – Sinov rangi, kimyoviy tarkibi, birlashtirilgan qalinligi.
- Imaging – Mikroskoplar, spektrometriya, ESDA testlari va kompyuter tasvirlash dasturlari.
Qo'l yozuvi va hujjat ekspertlar yozuv xususiyatlarini va modem xavfsizlik xususiyatlarini tizimli tahlil qilish uchun keng qamrovli treningdan o'ting. Ular o'zlarining tekshiruvlari va haqiqiyligiga oid xulosalar haqida batafsil hisobotlarni taqdim etadilar.
Qiymati yuz minglab yirik sanʼat asarlari yoki kelib chiqishi shubhali asarlar uchun egalar kelib chiqishini aniqlash va potentsialni ochish uchun ilmiy tahlildan foydalanadilar. soxta narsalar. Sinovlar materiallarni, axloqsizlik va axloqsizlik qatlamlarini, kanvas shtamplarini, radioizotoplarni aniqlashni va bir nechta bo'yoq qatlamlarini o'rganuvchi segment infraqizil spektroskopiyani tekshiradi.
What is the Procedure for Filing a Forgery Case in Dubai?
If you suspect that you are a victim of forgery in Dubai, you can file a case with the Dubai Police. The first step is to go to the nearest police station and file an official complaint. Be prepared to provide details about the incident, any evidence you may have, such as forged documents or objects, and any information about the suspected perpetrator(s).
After lodging the complaint, the police will investigate the matter thoroughly. They may request additional documentation or evidence from you, and may also summon the accused for questioning. Depending on the complexity of the case, the investigation process can take some time.
Once the police have gathered sufficient evidence, they will forward the case to the Public Prosecution. The prosecutor will then review the case and decide whether to press charges or not. If charges are filed, the case will proceed to the Dubai Courts, where it will be tried according to the UAE’s laws on forgery. It’s advisable to seek legal counsel to guide you through the judicial process.
How a Specialized Lawyer can help?
Navigating a forgery case in the UAE can be an intricate and daunting process, given the serious nature of the offense and the complexities involved in the country’s legal system. Seeking assistance from a lawyer who specializes in handling forgery cases can prove to be invaluable in such situations.
A specialized lawyer will possess in-depth knowledge and a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, court procedures, and evidentiary requirements specific to forgery offenses. They can provide expert guidance on building a strong case, gathering and presenting evidence effectively, and representing you competently in court. Their familiarity with the nuances of such cases can be crucial in formulating the right legal strategies.
Moreover, an experienced forgery lawyer can offer valuable insights into the potential outcomes and consequences of the case, enabling you to make informed decisions. They can also negotiate with the authorities on your behalf, advocate for your rights, and ensure that the legal process is fair and transparent. Their expertise in handling similar cases can significantly increase your chances of achieving a favorable resolution.
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