Mlandu wakuba ndi mlandu waukulu ku United Arab Emirates, pomwe makhoti a dzikolo akutengapo mbali polimbana ndi zinthu zosaloledwa ndi lamuloli. Chilango cha UAE chimafotokoza momveka bwino malamulo ndi zilango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yakuba, kuphatikiza kuba zazing'ono, kuba, kuba, ndi kuba. Malamulowa amafuna kuteteza ufulu ndi katundu wa anthu ndi mabizinesi, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu ali otetezeka komanso adongosolo. Ndi kudzipereka kwa UAE posunga malamulo ndi bata, kumvetsetsa malamulo enieni ndi zotsatira zake zokhudzana ndi umbanda ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa okhalamo komanso alendo.
Kodi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamilandu yakuba pansi pa malamulo a UAE ndi iti?
- Kubera Kwakukulu (Misdemeanor): Kuba zing'onozing'ono, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kuba zazing'ono, kumakhudzanso kulanda katundu kapena katundu wamtengo wapatali mopanda chilolezo. Kuba kwamtunduwu nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ngati cholakwika pansi pa malamulo a UAE.
- Grand Larceny (Felony): Kuwononga kwakukulu, kapena kuba kwakukulu, kumatanthauza kutenga katundu kapena katundu wamtengo wapatali. Izi zimaonedwa kuti ndi mlandu wophwanya malamulo ndipo zimakhala ndi zilango zokhwima kuposa kuba zazing'ono.
- Zauchifwamba: Kuba kumatanthauzidwa kukhala kulanda katundu wa munthu mokakamiza, nthaŵi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuchita zachiwawa, kuopseza, kapena kuopseza. Mlanduwu umatengedwa ngati mlandu waukulu pansi pa malamulo a UAE.
- Kuba: Kuba kumaphatikizapo kuloŵa m’nyumba mopanda lamulo ndi cholinga chochita zaumbanda, monga kuba. Mlanduwu umatchulidwa kuti ndi wopalamula ndipo uyenera kulangidwa ndikutsekeredwa m'ndende komanso kulipira chindapusa.
- Kubera: Kubera ndalama kumatanthawuza kulandidwa mwachinyengo kwa katundu kapena ndalama ndi munthu yemwe adapatsidwa udindo. Umbava umenewu nthawi zambiri umakhudzana ndi kuba kuntchito kapena m'mabungwe azachuma.
- Kuba Magalimoto: Kutenga kapena kuba galimoto mosaloledwa, monga galimoto, njinga yamoto, kapena galimoto, ndikuba galimoto. Mlanduwu umawonedwa ngati wolakwa pansi pa malamulo a UAE.
- Kuba Zidziwitso: Kuba zidziwitso kumakhudza kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinsinsi za munthu wina mopanda lamulo, monga dzina lake, ziphaso zake, kapena zambiri zandalama, pazachinyengo.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kuopsa kwa chilango chamilandu yakuba izi pansi pa malamulo a UAE kungasiyane malingana ndi zinthu monga mtengo wa katundu wabedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena chiwawa, komanso ngati kulakwa ndiko koyamba kapena kubwerezabwereza. .
Kodi milandu yakuba imayendetsedwa bwanji ndikuzengedwa ku UAE, Dubai ndi Sharjah?
United Arab Emirates ili ndi malamulo a federal omwe amawongolera milandu yakuba ku emirates yonse. Nazi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za momwe milandu yakuba imayendetsedwa ndikuyimbidwa ku UAE:
Milandu yakuba ku UAE imayendetsedwa ndi Federal Penal Code (Federal Law No. 3 of 1987), yomwe imagwira ntchito mofanana kumayiko onse, kuphatikizapo Dubai ndi Sharjah. Lamulo lachilango limafotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamilandu yakuba, monga kuba zazing'ono, kuba, kuba, kuba, kuba, kuba, ndi zilango zake. Kupereka malipoti ndi kufufuza milandu yakuba kumayamba ndikukadandaula kupolisi. Ku Dubai, dipatimenti yofufuza milandu ya apolisi ku Dubai imayendetsa milandu yotereyi, pomwe ku Sharjah, dipatimenti yofufuza milandu ya apolisi ku Sharjah ndiyomwe imayang'anira.
Apolisi akapeza umboni ndikumaliza kufufuza kwawo, mlanduwu uperekedwa ku ofesi ya Public Prosecution Office kuti ipitirire. Ku Dubai, iyi ndi Office Public Prosecution Office, ndipo ku Sharjah, ndi Ofesi Yotsutsa Anthu ku Sharjah. Kenako wozenga mlandu adzapereka mlanduwo ku makhoti oyenerera. Ku Dubai, milandu yakuba imamvedwa ndi makhothi a Dubai, omwe ali ndi Khoti Loyamba, Khoti Loona za Apilo, ndi Khoti Loona za Cassation. Momwemonso, ku Sharjah, makhothi a Sharjah amayendetsa milandu yakuba motsatira dongosolo lomwelo.
Zilango zamilandu yakuba ku UAE zafotokozedwa mu Federal Penal Code ndipo zingaphatikizepo kumangidwa, chindapusa, komanso, nthawi zina, kuthamangitsidwa kwa omwe si a UAE. Kukula kwa chilango kumadalira zinthu monga mtengo wa katundu wabedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena chiwawa, komanso ngati cholakwacho ndi nthawi yoyamba kapena yobwerezabwereza.
Kodi UAE imayendetsa bwanji milandu yakuba yokhudzana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena kapena akunja?
Malamulo a UAE pamilandu yakuba amagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi kwa nzika zonse za Emirati ndi omwe amachokera kunja kapena nzika zakunja zomwe zikukhala kapena kuyendera dzikolo. Anthu akunja omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wakuba adzatsata malamulo omwewo monga nzika za Emirati, kuphatikiza kufufuza, kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi makhothi malinga ndi Federal Penal Code.
Komabe, kuwonjezera pa zilango zomwe zafotokozedwa m'chilango, monga kutsekeredwa m'ndende ndi chindapusa, othawa kwawo kapena nzika zakunja zopezeka ndi milandu yayikulu yakuba atha kukumana ndi kuthamangitsidwa ku UAE. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala malinga ndi momwe bwalo lamilandu ndi akuluakulu aboma amafunira malinga ndi kukula kwa mlanduwo komanso momwe munthuyo alili. Ndikofunikira kuti anthu ochokera kumayiko ena komanso akunja ku UAE adziwe ndikutsata malamulo adzikolo okhudza kuba ndi milandu ya katundu. Kuphwanya kulikonse kumatha kubweretsa zotsatirapo zazikulu zamalamulo, kuphatikiza kumangidwa, chindapusa chambiri, ndi kuthamangitsidwa, zomwe zimakhudza kuthekera kwawo kukhala ndikugwira ntchito ku UAE.
Kodi zilango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yaumbanda ku UAE ndi ziti?
| Mtundu wa Umbanda Wakuba | chilango |
|---|---|
| Kuba Zing'onozing'ono (Katundu wamtengo wapatali kuposa AED 3,000) | Kumangidwa mpaka miyezi 6 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 5,000 |
| Kubedwa ndi Wantchito kapena Wogwira Ntchito | Kumangidwa mpaka zaka 3 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 10,000 |
| Kuba Mwachinyengo kapena Mwachinyengo | Kumangidwa mpaka zaka 3 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 10,000 |
| Grand Theft (Katundu wamtengo wapatali kuposa AED 3,000) | Kumangidwa mpaka zaka 7 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 30,000 |
| Kuba Koopsa (Kuphatikizapo zachiwawa kapena kuopseza chiwawa) | Kumangidwa mpaka zaka 10 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 50,000 |
| Wakuba | Kumangidwa mpaka zaka 10 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 50,000 |
| Kubwebweta | Kumangidwa mpaka zaka 15 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 200,000 |
| Kuba | Zilango zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe mlanduwo ulili komanso kukula kwake, koma zingaphatikizepo kumangidwa ndi/kapena chindapusa. |
| Kuba Magalimoto | Amachitiridwa ngati mtundu wakuba kwakukulu, ndi zilango kuphatikiza kumangidwa mpaka zaka 7 ndi/kapena chindapusa mpaka AED 30,000. |
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zilango izi zimachokera ku UAE Federal Penal Code, ndipo chigamulo chenichenicho chikhoza kusiyana malinga ndi momwe mlanduwo ulili, monga mtengo wa katundu wabedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena chiwawa, komanso ngati kulakwa ndi koyamba kapena kulakwa kobwerezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ochokera kumayiko ena kapena akunja omwe ali ndi mlandu wakuba atha kuthamangitsidwa ku UAE.
Kuti munthu adziteteze komanso ateteze katundu wake, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera, kuteteza zidziwitso zaumwini ndi zandalama, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolipirira zotetezeka, kuchita zinthu mosamala m’zachuma, ndi kupereka lipoti mwamsanga kwa akuluakulu a boma amene akuganiziridwa kuti ndi achinyengo kapena akuba.
Kodi malamulo a UAE amasiyanitsa bwanji kuba zazing'ono ndi kuba kwaukali?
Federal Penal Code ya UAE imasiyanitsa bwino pakati pa kuba zazing'ono ndi mitundu yoopsa kwambiri yakuba potengera mtengo wa katundu wabedwa komanso mikhalidwe yozungulira mlanduwo. Kuba zazing'ono, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kuba zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kutenga katundu kapena katundu wamtengo wotsika kwambiri (zochepera AED 3,000). Izi nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti ndi zolakwa ndipo zimakhala ndi zilango zopepuka, monga kumangidwa mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena chindapusa chofika pa AED 5,000.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuba kwaukali, monga kuwononga kwakukulu kapena kuba koipitsitsa, kumaphatikizapo kutenga katundu kapena katundu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri (kuposa AED 3,000) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa, kuopseza, kapena kuopseza panthawi yakuba. Zolakwa izi zimawonedwa ngati zolakwa pansi pa malamulo a UAE ndipo zimatha kubweretsa zilango zokhwima, kuphatikiza kutsekeredwa m'ndende zaka zingapo komanso chindapusa chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuba kwakukulu kungapangitse munthu kukhala m’ndende kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri ndi/kapena chindapusa chofika pa AED 30,000, pamene kuba koipitsitsa kumene kumaphatikizapo chiwawa kungachititse kuti akhale m’ndende kwa zaka khumi ndi/kapena chindapusa cha AED 50,000.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuba zazing'ono ndi mitundu yoopsa yakuba m'malamulo a UAE kumachokera pa mfundo yakuti kuopsa kwa mlanduwo ndi momwe zimakhudzira wozunzidwa ziyenera kuwonetsedwa ndi kuopsa kwa chilango. Njirayi ikufuna kukhala ndi malire pakati pa kuletsa zochitika zaupandu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti olakwa ali ndi zotulukapo zachilungamo komanso zofananira.
Kodi ufulu wa anthu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wakuba ku UAE ndi chiyani?
Ku UAE, anthu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wakuba ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu komanso chitetezo malinga ndi lamulo. Ufuluwu wapangidwa kuti uwonetsetse kuti milandu ikuyenera kuweruzidwa mwachilungamo. Ufulu wina waukulu wa anthu amene akuimbidwa mlandu pamilandu yakuba ndi monga ufulu woimiridwa ndi woweruza milandu, womasulira ngati pakufunika kutero, ndiponso ufulu wopereka umboni ndi mboni powateteza.
Dongosolo la chilungamo la UAE limatsatiranso mfundo yongoganiza kuti ndi osalakwa, kutanthauza kuti anthu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu amawonedwa kuti ndi osalakwa mpaka atatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi olakwa mosakayikira. Pakafukufuku ndi kuzenga mlandu, oyang'anira malamulo ndi oweruza ayenera kutsatira njira zoyenera ndikulemekeza ufulu wa woimbidwa mlandu, monga ufulu wodziimba mlandu komanso ufulu wodziwitsidwa milandu yomwe akuimbidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu wochita apilo mlandu uliwonse kapena chigamulo chilichonse chomwe khoti lapereka ngati akukhulupirira kuti palibe chilungamo kapena ngati patuluka umboni watsopano. Ndondomeko ya apilo imapereka mwayi kwa khoti lalikulu kuti liwunikenso mlanduwo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti milanduyo idachitidwa mwachilungamo komanso motsatira malamulo.
Kodi pali zilango zosiyanasiyana zamilandu yakuba ku UAE pansi pa malamulo a Sharia ndi Penal Code?
United Arab Emirates imatsatira malamulo apawiri, pomwe malamulo a Sharia ndi Federal Penal Code amagwira ntchito. Ngakhale malamulo a Sharia amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pankhani zaumwini komanso milandu ina yokhudza Asilamu, Federal Penal Code ndiye gwero lalikulu la malamulo okhudza milandu, kuphatikiza milandu yakuba, kwa nzika zonse ndi okhala ku UAE. Pansi pa malamulo a Sharia, chilango chakuba (chotchedwa "sariqah") chikhoza kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe mlanduwo ulili komanso kutanthauzira kwa akatswiri azamalamulo achisilamu. Nthawi zambiri, malamulo a Sharia amapereka zilango zokhwima pakuba, monga kudula dzanja chifukwa cholakwa mobwerezabwereza. Komabe, zilango izi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ku UAE, chifukwa malamulo a dzikolo amadalira Federal Penal Code pa milandu.
Federal Penal Code of the UAE imafotokoza za zilango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yakuba, kuyambira kuba zazing'ono mpaka kuba, kuba, ndi kuba koipitsitsa. Zilango zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kumangidwa ndi/kapena chindapusa, kuopsa kwa chilangocho malingana ndi zinthu monga mtengo wa zinthu zakuba, kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa kapena mphamvu, komanso ngati mlanduwo ndi woyamba kapena wobwerezabwereza. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale malamulo a UAE amachokera ku mfundo zonse za Sharia ndi malamulo ovomerezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito zilango za Sharia pamilandu yakuba ndizosowa kwambiri. Federal Penal Code imagwira ntchito ngati gwero lalikulu la malamulo oimba mlandu ndi kulanga milandu yakuba, ndikupereka dongosolo lokwanira lomwe likugwirizana ndi machitidwe amakono azamalamulo komanso miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi njira zovomerezeka zoperekera lipoti milandu yakuba ku UAE ndi chiyani?
Gawo loyamba pamalamulo operekera malipoti akuba ku UAE ndikukadandaula kupolisi yakomweko. Izi zitha kuchitika poyendera apolisi omwe ali pafupi kapena kulumikizana nawo kudzera pa manambala awo angozi. Ndikofunikira kufotokoza zomwe zachitika mwamsanga ndikupereka zambiri monga momwe zingathere, kuphatikizapo kufotokozera zinthu zomwe zabedwa, nthawi yeniyeni ndi malo akuba, ndi umboni uliwonse kapena mboni.
Chidandaulo chikaperekedwa, apolisi aziyambitsa kafukufuku pamlanduwo. Izi zingaphatikizepo kusonkhanitsa umboni kuchokera pamalo ochitira zachiwembu, kufunsa anthu omwe angakhale mboni, ndikuwunikanso zithunzi zowonera ngati zilipo. Apolisi athanso kupempha zambiri kapena zolemba kuchokera kwa wodandaula kuti awathandize pakufufuza kwawo. Ngati kafukufukuyo apereka umboni wokwanira, mlanduwo udzasamutsidwa ku Public Prosecution Office kuti ikapitirirenso milandu. Woimira boma adzaunikanso umboniwo ndikuwona ngati pali zifukwa zoimbira mlandu woganiziridwa kuti ndi wolakwa. Ngati aimbidwa mlandu, mlanduwo udzakambidwa kukhoti.
Pa nthawi ya khoti, onse ozenga mlandu ndi oteteza adzakhala ndi mwayi wopereka zifukwa zawo ndi umboni kwa woweruza kapena gulu la oweruza. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi ufulu woyimilira mwalamulo ndipo akhoza kufunsa mboni ndi kutsutsa umboni womwe waperekedwa. Ngati woimbidwa mlandu apezeka kuti ndi wolakwa pamilandu yakuba, khotilo lipereka chigamulo motsatira Federal Penal Code ya UAE. Kukula kwa chilango kudzadalira zinthu monga mtengo wa katundu wabedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kapena chiwawa, komanso ngati cholakwacho ndi nthawi yoyamba kapena mobwerezabwereza. Zilango zimatha kuyambira chindapusa ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende mpaka kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu omwe si a UAE pamilandu yayikulu yakuba.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pa nthawi yonse yalamulo, ufulu wa woimbidwa mlandu uyenera kutetezedwa, kuphatikizapo kuganiza kuti ndi wosalakwa kufikira atatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi wolakwa, ufulu woyimiridwa ndilamulo, ndi ufulu wochita apilo mlandu uliwonse kapena chigamulo chilichonse.
