Ubuqhophololo lulwaphulo-mthetho olunobuqhophololo olubandakanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwempahla okanye iimali eziphathiswe umntu ngomnye umntu, njengomqeshi okanye umxumi. Kwi-United Arab Emirates, ukukhwabanisa kuthintelwe ngokungqongqo kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zomthetho phantsi kwesakhelo somthetho esibanzi selizwe. I-UAE's Federal Penal Code ichaza imithetho ecacileyo kunye nezohlwayo ezinxulumene nobuqhophololo, ebonisa ukuzibophelela kwesizwe ekugcineni imfezeko, ukungafihli, kunye nomthetho kwimicimbi yezemali neyorhwebo. Ngemeko ekhulayo ye-UAE njengendawo yeshishini lehlabathi, ukuqonda iziphumo ezisemthethweni zorhwaphilizo kubalulekile kubantu kunye nemibutho esebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yayo.
Ithini inkcazo esemthethweni yorhwaphilizo ngokwemithetho ye-UAE?
Kwi-United Arab Emirates, ubuqhophololo buchazwa phantsi kweSiqendu 399 se-Federal Penal Code njengesenzo sokusetyenziswa kakubi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi, okanye ukuguqula ngokungekho mthethweni ii-asethi, iimali, okanye ipropati ephathiswe umntu ngomnye umntu, njengomqeshi, umxhasi, okanye iziko. Le ngcaciso iquka uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko apho umntu okwisikhundla sokuthenjwa okanye esinegunya ngabom nangokungekho mthethweni athabathe ubunini okanye ulawulo lwee-asethi ezingezizo ezakhe.
Izinto eziphambili ezibandakanya ubuqhophololo phantsi komthetho we-UAE ziquka ubukho bobudlelwane bokunyaniseka, apho umntu otyholwayo wanikwa uxanduva lokugcina okanye ulawulo lwempahla okanye iimali zelinye iqela. Ukongezelela, kufuneka kubekho ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kakubi ngabom okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwezo asethi ukuze kuzuze wena okanye kuxhamle, endaweni yokuphathwa kakubi kwemali ngempazamo okanye ngokungenankathalo.
Urhwaphilizo lunokuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengomsebenzi ophambukisa iimali zenkampani ukuba azisebenzisele yena, umcebisi wezezimali osebenzisa kakubi utyalo-mali lwabathengi, okanye igosa likarhulumente lixhaphaza imali yoluntu. Kuthathwa njengohlobo lobusela kunye nokwaphulwa kwentembeko, njengoko umntu otyholwayo uye waphula uxanduva lokuthembeka olubekwe phezu kwakhe ngokusebenzisa kakubi impahla okanye iimali ebezingezizo ezakhe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngaba ubuqhophololo buchazwa ngokwahlukileyo kwiimeko zomthetho zama-Arabhu kunye namaSilamsi?
NgesiArabhu, igama elithi "ikhtilas," eliguqulela "ukuxhaphaza" okanye "ukuthatha ngokungekho mthethweni." Ngelixa igama lesi-Arabhu linentsingiselo efanayo negama lesiNgesi elithi “embezzlement,” ingcaciso esemthethweni kunye nokuphathwa kwesi senzo solwaphulo-mthetho kunokwahluka kancinane kwiimeko zomthetho zamaSilamsi. Phantsi komthetho weSharia yamaSilamsi, ubuqhophololo buthathwa njengohlobo lobusela okanye “isariqah.” IQuran kunye neSunnah (iimfundiso kunye nezenzo zoMprofeti uMuhammad) ziyabugxeka ubusela kwaye zimisele isohlwayo esikhethekileyo kwabo bafunyenwe benetyala lolu lwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona kunjalo, abaphengululi bezomthetho bamaSilamsi kunye nabaqondisi-mthetho baye banikela iingcaciso ezongezelelweyo kunye nezikhokelo zokwahlula ukukhwabanisa kwezinye iindlela zobusela.
Ngokutsho kwabaphengululi bezomthetho abaninzi bamaSilamsi, ubuqhophololo bugqalwa njengetyala eliqatha kunobusela obuqhelekileyo kuba bubandakanya ukwaphulwa kwentembeko. Xa umntu ephathiswe ii-asethi okanye iimali, kulindeleke ukuba agcine umsebenzi wokuthembeka kwaye azikhusele ezo asethi. Ngoko ke, ubuqhophololo bubonwa njengokungcatsha oku kuthenjwa, yaye abanye abaphengululi bathi kufanele kohlwaywe ngokuqatha kunezinye iindlela zobusela.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa umthetho wamaSilamsi ubonelela ngezikhokelo kunye nemithetho-siseko enxulumene nobuqhophololo, iinkcazelo zomthetho ezithile kunye nezohlwayo zinokwahluka kumazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo kunye nolawulo lwamaMuslim. Kwi-UAE, owona mthombo womthetho wokuchaza kunye nokutshutshisa ukukhwabanisa yi-Federal Penal Code, esekelwe kwindibaniselwano yemigaqo yamaSilamsi kunye nezenzo zomthetho zanamhlanje.
Zeziphi isohlwayo sobuqhophololo kwi-UAE?
Ukukhwabanisa kuthathwa njengetyala elibi kwi-United Arab Emirates, kwaye izohlwayo zinokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zetyala. Nazi iingongoma eziphambili malunga nezohlwayo zokurhwaphiliza:
Ityala loRhwaphilizo ngokubanzi: NgokweKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE, ubuqhophololo ngokuqhelekileyo buhlelwa njengesenzo esigwenxa. Isohlwayo sinokubandakanya ukuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elifikelela kwiminyaka emithathu okanye isohlwayo semali. Oku kusebenza xa umntu efumana ii-asethi ezinokususwa njengemali okanye amaxwebhu ngesiseko sediphozithi, ukuqeshisa, imali-mboleko, imali-mboleko, okanye i-arhente kwaye ngokungekho mthethweni ezisebenzisa kakubi, ebangela ukwenzakala kubanini abafanelekileyo.
Ukuba nePropati elahlekileyo okanye eyimpazamo ngokungekho mthethweni: IKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE ikwajongana neemeko apho umntu athatha izinto ezilahlekileyo zomnye umntu, ngeenjongo zokuzigcinela yena, okanye esazi athathele indawo ebanjwe ngempazamo okanye ngenxa yeemeko ezingenakuthintelwa. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umntu unokujongana nokuvalelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emibini okanye isohlwayo esincinci se-AED 20,000.
Ukurhwaphilizwa kwePropati eBanjelwe kuyo: Ukuba umntu urhwaphiliza okanye uzama ukurhwaphiliza impahla eshukumayo ebeyibambise njengesibambiso setyala, uya kuba phantsi kwesohlwayo esichazwe ngokuba nempahla elahlekileyo okanye ephosakeleyo ngokungekho mthethweni.
Abasebenzi beCandelo loLuntu: Izohlwayo zokurhwaphiliza ngabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente kwi-UAE ziqatha. Ngokutsho Federal Decree-Law no. 31 ka-2021, nawuphi na umsebenzi karhulumente obanjwe erhwaphiliza imali ngexesha lomsebenzi okanye isabelo sakhe uphantsi kwesigwebo esiphantsi seminyaka emihlanu entolongweni.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kobuqhophololo kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali olufana nobuqhophololo okanye ubusela e-UAE?
Kwi-UAE, ubuqhophololo, ubuqhetseba, kunye nobusela zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo lwezemali ezineenkcazo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho kunye neziphumo. Nalu uthelekiso lwetheyibhile ukuqaqambisa umahluko:
| ulwaphulo-mthetho | inkcazelo | Ulwahlulo oluphambili |
|---|---|---|
| Ukunyanzelwa | Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye utshintshelo lwepropathi okanye iimali eziphathiswe ngokusemthethweni kukhathalelo lomntu, kodwa ingeyiyo eyeyakhe. | – Ibandakanya ukophulwa kwentembeko okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kwipropathi okanye iimali zomnye umntu. – Ipropati okanye iimali zifunyenwe ngokusemthethweni ekuqaleni. -Ihlala isenziwa ngabasebenzi, iiarhente, okanye abantu abakwizikhundla zokuthenjwa. |
| Ukukhwabanisa | Ukukhohlisa ngabom okanye ukumela kakubi ukufumana inzuzo engafanelekanga okanye engekho mthethweni, okanye ukuhlutha omnye umntu imali, ipropati, okanye amalungelo asemthethweni. | – Ibandakanya inkalo yobuqhetseba okanye yokungamelani kakuhle. – Umoni unakho okanye akanako ukufikelela ngokusemthethweni kwipropati okanye imali ekuqaleni. -Inokuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngobuqhetseba bezemali, ubuqhophololo besazisi, okanye ubuqhophololo botyalo-mali. |
| Ubusela | Ukuthatyathwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukwabiwa kwepropati okanye iimali zomnye umntu okanye iziko, ngaphandle kwemvume yabo kunye nenjongo yokubahlutha ubunini babo ngokusisigxina. | – Ibandakanya ukuthatyathwa okanye ukwabelwa kwepropati okanye iimali. – Umoni akanalo ukufikelela ngokusemthethweni okanye igunya phezu kwepropati okanye iimali. -Inokuzinikela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, njengokuqhekeza, ukuphanga, okanye ukubiwa evenkileni. |
Ngelixa zontathu izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zibandakanya ukufunyanwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwepropati okanye iimali, umahluko ongundoqo ulele ekufikeleleni kokuqala kunye negunya kwizinto zexabiso, kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo.
Urhwaphilizo lubandakanya ukophulwa kwentembeko okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kwizinto zomnye umntu okanye iimali eziphathiswe ngokusemthethweni umaphuli-mthetho. Ubuqhophololo bubandakanya ubuqhophololo okanye ubuxoki ukuze ufumane inzuzo engafanelekanga okanye ubandeze abanye amalungelo okanye izinto zabo. Ubusela, kwelinye icala, bubandakanya ukuthatha okanye ukwabelwa ipropati okanye iimali ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini kwaye ngaphandle kokufikelela ngokusemthethweni okanye igunya.
Asingathwa njani amatyala orhwaphilizo abandakanya abafuduki e-UAE?
I-United Arab Emirates inenkqubo yomthetho eyomeleleyo esebenza kubemi kunye nabangaphandle abahlala kweli lizwe. Xa kuziwa kumatyala orhwaphilizo abandakanya abafuduki, abasemagunyeni be-UAE babaphatha ngobunzulu obufanayo kunye nokuthobela umthetho njengoko bebeya kwenza kubemi base-Emirati.
Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iinkqubo zomthetho zibandakanya uphando olwenziwa ngabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo, abafana namapolisa okanye i-ofisi yezotshutshiso. Ukuba ubungqina obaneleyo bufunyenwe, umntu ongaphandle angahlawuliswa ngokukhwabanisa phantsi kwe-UAE Penal Code. Ityala ke liya kuqhubekeka ngenkqubo yokugweba, kuze kuchotshelwe lowo ungaphandle kwinkundla yomthetho.
Inkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE ayicalucalulo ngokobuzwe okanye ubume bendawo yokuhlala. Abangaphandle abafunyenwe benetyala lokukhwabanisa banokujamelana nezohlwayo ezifanayo njengabemi base-Emirati, kubandakanywa ukuvalelwa entolongweni, iintlawulo, okanye zombini, kuxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zecala kunye nemithetho esebenzayo.
Ngaphaya koko, kwezinye iimeko, ityala lokurhwaphiliza linokubandakanya iziphumo ezongezelelweyo zomthetho kumntu ongaphandle, njengokurhoxiswa kwemvume yokuhlala okanye ukugxothwa kwi-UAE, ngakumbi ukuba ityala libonwa libi kakhulu okanye ukuba umntu uthathwa njengesisongelo ukhuseleko loluntu okanye iimfuno zelizwe.
Ngawaphi amalungelo kunye nokhetho olusemthethweni kumaxhoba orhwaphilizo kwi-UAE?
Amaxhoba orhwaphilizo kwi-United Arab Emirates anamalungelo athile kunye nokhetho olusemthethweni olufumanekayo kubo. Inkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE iyabuqonda ubunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali kwaye ijolise ekukhuseleni umdla wabantu kunye namaqumrhu achatshazelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho olulolo hlobo. Okokuqala, amaxhoba orhwaphilizo anelungelo lokufaka isikhalazo ngokusesikweni kwabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo, njengamapolisa okanye iofisi yezotshutshiso. Sakuba sifakiwe isikhalazo, abasemagunyeni banyanzelekile ukuba bawuphonononge lo mbandela ngocoselelo kwaye baqokelele ubungqina. Ukuba ubungqina obaneleyo bufunyenwe, ityala lingaqhubela phambili ekuxoxweni, kwaye ixhoba lingabizwa ukuba linike ubungqina okanye lingenise amaxwebhu afanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, amaxhoba orhwaphilizo kwi-UAE angaphinda alandele amanyathelo asemthethweni oluntu ukuze afune imbuyekezo ngayo nayiphi na ilahleko yemali okanye umonakalo owenziweyo ngenxa yobuqhophololo. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeenkundla zamatyala, apho ixhoba linokufaka isimangalo kumenzi wobubi, lifuna imbuyekezo okanye umonakalo ngenxa yeemali eziphangisiweyo okanye impahla. Inkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE ibeka ugxininiso oluluqilima ekukhuseleni amalungelo amaxhoba kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana unyango olunobulungisa nolunobulungisa kuyo yonke inkqubo yomthetho. Amaxhoba asenokuba nelungelo lokufuna ukumelwa ngokusemthethweni kunye noncedo lwamagqwetha okanye kwiinkonzo zenkxaso yexhoba ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo awo agciniwe kwaye nemidla yawo ikhuselwe.
