Ulwaphulo-mthetho lobusela lityala elibi kwi-United Arab Emirates, kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho yelizwe ithatha ukuma okuqinileyo ngokuchasene nezenzo ezingekho semthethweni. Ikhowudi yezohlwayo ye-UAE ichaza imimiselo ecacileyo kunye nezohlwayo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zobusela, kuquka ubusela obuncinci, ukuxhaphaza okukhulu, ukuphanga, kunye nokuqhekeza. Le mithetho ijolise ekukhuseleni amalungelo kunye neempawu zabantu kunye namashishini, ngelixa iqinisekisa uluntu olukhuselekileyo nocwangco. Ngokuzibophelela kwe-UAE ekugcineni umthetho nocwangco, ukuqonda imithetho ethile kunye neziphumo ezinxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela kubalulekile kubahlali nakwiindwendwe ngokufanayo.
Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela phantsi kwemithetho ye-UAE?
- Ubusela obuncinci (I-Misdemeanor): Ubusela obuncinci, obukwabizwa ngokuba bubusela obungephi, bubandakanya ukuthatyathwa okungagunyaziswanga kwepropati okanye izinto zexabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso. Olu hlobo lobusela ngokwesiqhelo luhlelwa njengesenzo esigwenxa phantsi komthetho we-UAE.
- Grand Larceny (Felony): Inkohlakalo enkulu, okanye ubusela obukhulu, bubhekiselele ekuthathweni kwepropati ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ii-asethi zexabiso elibalulekileyo. Oku kuthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kunezohlwayo eziqatha kunobusela obuncinci.
- Ubusela: Ukuphanga kuchazwa njengesenzo sokuthatha impahla komnye umntu ngenkani, edla ngokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela, ukoyikisa, okanye ukoyikisa. Olu lwaphulo-mthetho luphathwa njengetyala elibi phantsi komthetho we-UAE.
- Ukugqekeza: Ukuqhekezwa kubandakanya ukungena ngokungekho mthethweni kwisakhiwo okanye kwindawo ngenjongo yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, olufana nobusela. Eli tyala lichazwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye lohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nezohlwayo.
- Urhwaphilizo: Urhwaphilizo lubhekiselele kulwabiwo ngobuqhetseba okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwempahla okanye iimali ngumntu ebephathiswe kuye. Olu lwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobusela emsebenzini okanye kumaziko emali.
- Ukubiwa kweemoto: Ukuthatha okanye ukubiwa kwemoto ngokungagunyaziswanga, njengemoto, isithuthuthu, okanye ilori, kuthetha ukubiwa kwesithuthi. Eli tyala lithathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho we-UAE.
- Ubusela besazisi: Ubusela besazisi bubandakanya ukufumana nokusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kwenkcazelo yomnye umntu, njengegama lakhe, isazisi sakhe, okanye iinkcukacha zemali, ngeenjongo zobuqhophololo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubukhali besohlwayo sobu lwaphulo-mthetho lobusela phantsi komthetho we-UAE bunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nexabiso lempahla ebiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okanye ubundlobongela, nokuba ityala lelokuqala okanye liphindaphindwa. .
Amatyala obusela aphathwa kwaye atshutshiswe njani e-UAE, eDubai naseSharjah?
I-United Arab Emirates inekhowudi yesohlwayo somdibaniso elawula ubusela kuzo zonke ii-emirates. Nanga amanqaku aphambili malunga nendlela amatyala obusela aphathwa ngayo kwaye atshutshiswe kwi-UAE:
Ulwaphulo-mthetho lobusela kwi-UAE lulawulwa yi-Federal Penal Code (i-Federal Law No. 3 ye-1987), esebenza ngokufanayo kuwo wonke ama-emirates, kuquka i-Dubai ne-Sharjah. Ikhowudi yezohlwayo ichaza iindidi ngeendidi zamatyala obusela, afana nobusela obuncinci, ukuxhaphaza okukhulu, ukuphanga, ukuqhekeza, kunye nokukhwabanisa, kunye nezohlwayo zabo. Ukuxelwa kunye nophando lwamatyala obusela ngokuqhelekileyo luqala ngokufaka isikhalazo kwabasemagunyeni bamapolisa asekuhlaleni. E-Dubai, iSebe loPhando loLwaphulo-mthetho lwamaPolisa e-Dubai lijongene namatyala anjalo, ngelixa e-Sharjah, iSebe loPhando loLwaphulo-mthetho lwamaPolisa laseSharjah linoxanduva.
Nje ukuba amapolisa aqokelele ubungqina aze agqibe nophando lwawo, ityala linikezelwa kwi-Ofisi yoTshutshiso yoLuntu echaphazelekayo ukuze kuqhutywe ezinye iinkqubo. EDubai, le yiOfisi yoTshutshiso loLuntu yaseDubai, kwaye eSharjah, yiOfisi yoTshutshiso loLuntu yaseSharjah. Umtshutshisi uya kuthi ke anikezele ityala kwiinkundla ezifanelekileyo. EDubai, amatyala obusela axoxwa ziiNkundla zaseDubai, eziquka iNkundla yokuQala, iNkundla yesiBheno neNkundla yeCassation. Ngokufanayo, eSharjah, inkqubo yeeNkundla zeSharjah ijongana namatyala obusela ngokulandela inkqubo efanayo yolawulo.
Izohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela e-UAE zichazwe kwi-Federal Penal Code kwaye zinokubandakanya ukuvalelwa entolongweni, izohlwayo, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukugxothwa kwabantu abangengabo abe-UAE. Ubuzaza besohlwayo buxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nexabiso lempahla ebiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okanye ubundlobongela, nokuba ityala lityala lokuqala okanye eliphindaphindiweyo.
I-UAE iwaphatha njani amatyala obusela abandakanya abafuduki okanye abemi bangaphandle?
Imithetho ye-UAE kulwaphulo-mthetho lobusela isebenza ngokulinganayo kubemi base-Emirati kunye nabaphambukeli okanye abemi bangaphandle abahlala okanye abandwendwela ilizwe. Abemi bamazwe angaphandle abatyholwa ngamatyala obusela baya kuhamba kwinkqubo yomthetho efanayo nabemi base-Emirati, kubandakanywa uphando, ukutshutshiswa, kunye neenkqubo zenkundla ngokwe-Federal Penal Code.
Nangona kunjalo, ukongeza kwizohlwayo ezichazwe kwikhowudi yesohlwayo, njengokuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nezohlwayo, abafuduki okanye abantu bamanye amazwe abagwetyelwe ubugebenga obunzulu banokujongana nokugxothwa e-UAE. Lo mba ngokuqhelekileyo uxhomekeke kwisigqibo senkundla kunye nabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kubuzaza betyala kunye neemeko zomntu. Kubalulekile ukuba abantu bangaphandle kunye nabemi bangaphandle kwi-UAE baqaphele kwaye bathobele imithetho yelizwe malunga nobusela kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwepropathi. Naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zomthetho, kubandakanya ukuvalelwa entolongweni, izohlwayo ezinzima, kunye nokugxothwa, okuchaphazela amandla abo okuphila nokusebenza e-UAE.
Zeziphi isohlwayo seentlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela kwi-UAE?
| Uhlobo loLwaphulo-mthetho lobusela | Isohlwayo |
|---|---|
| Ubusela obuncinci (Ipropati exabisa ngaphantsi kwe-AED 3,000) | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezi-6 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 5,000 |
| Ubusela nguMsebenzi okanye uMqeshwa | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-3 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 10,000 |
| Ubusela ngokurhwaphiliza okanye ubuqhophololo | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-3 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 10,000 |
| Ubusela obuKhulu (Ipropati exabisa ngaphezu kwe-AED 3,000) | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-7 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 30,000 |
| Ubusela obumanyumnyezi (Buquka ubundlobongela okanye isoyikiso sobundlobongela) | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-10 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 50,000 |
| Ukugqekeza | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-10 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 50,000 |
| Ukuphanga | Ukuvalelwa ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-15 kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 200,000 |
| Isazisi | Izohlwayo ziyahluka ngokweemeko ezithile kunye nobungakanani bolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa zinokubandakanya ukuvalelwa kunye/okanye izohlwayo. |
| Ukubiwa kweemoto | Ngokuqhelekileyo iphathwa njengobusela obukhulu, kunye nezohlwayo ezibandakanya ukuvalelwa ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-7 kunye / okanye izohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 30,000. |
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezi zohlwayo zisekwe kwi-UAE Federal Penal Code, kwaye esona sigwebo sinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zetyala, njengexabiso lempahla ebiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okanye ubundlobongela, nokuba ityala lityala lokuqala okanye eliphindaphindiweyo. Ukongeza, abantu bangaphandle okanye abantu bamanye amazwe abagwetywe kulwaphulo-mthetho olubi lobusela banokujongana nokugxothwa e-UAE.
Ukuze ubani azikhusele yena nempahla yakhe, kucebiseka ukuba aphumeze amanyathelo okhuseleko, akhusele inkcazelo yobuqu neyemali, asebenzise iindlela zokuhlawula ezikhuselekileyo, aziphathe ngenyameko kwiintengiselwano zemali, aze achaze ngokukhawuleza nawaphi na amatyala okurhanelwa ubuqhetseba okanye ubusela kwabasemagunyeni.
Ingaba inkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE yahlula njani ubusela obuncinci kunye neendlela ezinzima zobusela?
I-UAE's Federal Penal Code yahlula ngokucacileyo phakathi kobusela obuncinci kunye neentlobo ezinzima zobusela ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lempahla ebiweyo kunye neemeko ezijikeleze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ubusela obuncinci, obukwabizwa ngokuba bubusela obuncinci, bubandakanya ukuthatyathwa okungagunyaziswanga kwepropathi okanye izinto zexabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso (ngaphantsi kwe-AED 3,000). Oku kudla ngokuchazwa njengesenzo esigwenxa kwaye kunezohlwayo ezilula, ezifana nokuvalelwa entolongweni ukuya kutsho kwiinyanga ezintandathu kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 5,000.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iindlela ezinzulu zobusela, ezifana nobusela obukhulu okanye ubusela obubi, zibandakanya ukuthatyathwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwepropati okanye ii-asethi zexabiso elibalulekileyo (ngaphezu kwe-AED 3,000) okanye ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela, ukoyikisa, okanye ukoyikisa ngexesha lobusela. Ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziphathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho we-UAE kwaye zinokukhokelela kwizohlwayo eziqatha, kubandakanya nokuvalelwa entolongweni iminyaka eliqela kunye nezohlwayo ezinkulu. Umzekelo, ubusela obukhulu bunokukhokelela ekuvalelweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka esixhenxe kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kwi-AED 30,000, ngelixa ubusela obubi obubandakanya ubundlobongela bunokukhokelela ekuvalelweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka elishumi kunye/okanye isohlwayo ukuya kuma-AED angama-50,000.
Umahluko phakathi kobusela obuncinci kunye neendlela ezinzima zobusela kwinkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE isekelwe kwisiseko sokuba ubuzaza bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neempembelelo zalo kwixhoba kufuneka zibonakaliswe kubukhali besohlwayo. Le ndlela yokusebenza ijolise ekugcineni ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuthintela izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezinobulungisa nezilungeleleneyo zaboni.
Ngawaphi amalungelo abantu abatyholwa kumatyala obusela e-UAE?
Kwi-UAE, abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela banelungelo lamalungelo athile asemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko phantsi komthetho. La malungelo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuxoxwa kwetyala ngobulungisa kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Amanye amalungelo aphambili abantu abatyholwa kumatyala obusela aquka ilungelo lokumelwa ngokusemthethweni, ilungelo letoliki xa kuyimfuneko, nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina namangqina okubathethelela.
Inkqubo yobulungisa ye-UAE ikwaxhasa umthetho-siseko wokucingelwa ukuba msulwa, okuthetha ukuba abantu abatyholwayo bajongwa njengabamsulwa de bafunyanwe benetyala ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo. Ngexesha lophando kunye nenkqubo yokuxoxwa kwetyala, ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunye namagunya enkundla kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwaye ahloniphe amalungelo omtyholwa, njengelungelo lokuzibeka ityala kunye nelungelo lokwaziswa ngezityholo abatyholwa ngazo.
Ukongezelela, abantu abatyholwa banelungelo lokubhena nakuphi na ukugwetywa okanye isigwebo esiwiswe yinkundla ukuba bakholelwa ukuba kuye kwaphulwa umthetho okanye ukuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha. Inkqubo yezibheno inika ithuba lokuba inkundla ephakamileyo iphonononge ityala kwaye iqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo nangokuhambelana nomthetho.
Ngaba kukho izohlwayo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela e-UAE phantsi komthetho weSharia kunye neKhowudi yePenal?
I-United Arab Emirates ilandela inkqubo yomthetho emibini, apho zombini umthetho we-Sharia kunye ne-Federal Penal Code zisebenza. Ngelixa umthetho we-Sharia usetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimicimbi yobume bomntu kunye namatyala athile olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya amaSilamsi, iKhowudi yePenal ye-Federal ngowona mthombo womthetho olawula ubugwenxa, kubandakanywa ulwaphulo-mthetho lobusela, kubo bonke abemi kunye nabahlali base-UAE. Ngaphantsi komthetho we-Sharia, isohlwayo sobusela (esaziwa ngokuba yi "sariqah") sinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuchazwa kwabaphengululi bezomthetho bamaSilamsi. Ngokubanzi, umthetho weSharia umisela isohlwayo esiqatha ngenxa yobusela, njengokunqunyulwa kwesandla ngenxa yezono eziphindaphindiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zohlwayo azifane ziphunyezwe kwi-UAE, njengoko inkqubo yezomthetho yelizwe ngokuyintloko ixhomekeke kwi-Federal Penal Code kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho.
I-Federal Penal Code ye-UAE ichaza izohlwayo ezikhethekileyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lobusela, ukusuka kubusela obuncinci ukuya kwi-grandrceny, ukuphanga, kunye nobusela obubi. Ezi zohlwayo ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukuvalelwa kunye/okanye izohlwayo, kunye nobuzaza besohlwayo ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nexabiso lempahla ebiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela okanye amandla, kunye nokuba ityala lisiko lokuqala okanye liphindaphindwa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa inkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE isekwe kuyo yomibini imigaqo yeSharia kunye nemithetho ekhowudiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezohlwayo zeSharia kulwaphulo-mthetho lobusela kunqabile kakhulu ekusebenzeni. I-Federal Penal Code isebenza njengomthombo oyintloko womthetho wokutshutshisa kunye nokohlwaya amatyala obusela, ukubonelela ngesakhelo esibanzi esihambelana nezenzo zomthetho zanamhlanje kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithini inkqubo yomthetho yokuxela amatyala obusela kwi-UAE?
Inyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yomthetho yokuxela amatyala obusela kwi-UAE kukufaka isikhalazo kwabasemagunyeni bamapolisa basekhaya. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokundwendwela isikhululo samapolisa esikufutshane okanye ngokuqhagamshelana nabo ngeenombolo zabo zomnxeba kaxakeka. Kubalulekile ukuxela isiganeko ngokukhawuleza kwaye unike iinkcukacha ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kubandakanywa nenkcazo yezinto ezibiweyo, ixesha eliqikelelweyo kunye nendawo yokubiwa, kunye naluphi na ubungqina obunokubakho okanye amangqina.
Emva kokuba isikhalazo sifakiwe, amapolisa aya kuqalisa uphando ngetyala. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuqokelela ubungqina kwindawo yesiganeko solwaphulo-mthetho, udliwano-ndlebe namangqina anokuba ngamangqina, kunye nokuphonononga imifanekiso eshukumayo yokucupha ukuba ikhona. Amapolisa asenokucela ulwazi olongezelelweyo okanye amaxwebhu kummangali ukunceda kuphando lwabo. Ukuba uphando lunika ubungqina obaneleyo, ityala liya kudluliselwa kwi-Ofisi yoTshutshiso loLuntu ukuze kuqhutywe ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho. Umtshutshisi uya kuphonononga ubungqina aze aqinisekise ukuba kukho izizathu zokubeka izityholo kummangalelwa (abarhanelwa). Ukuba izityholo zifakiwe, ityala liya kuqhubeka kwinkundla yamatyala.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yenkundla, bobabini abatshutshisi kunye nabakhuseli baya kuba nethuba lokubonisa iingxoxo zabo kunye nobungqina phambi kwejaji okanye iqela labagwebi. Umtyholwa unelungelo lokumelwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye unokubuza amangqina aze aphikise ubungqina obunikelwe ngokuchasene nawo. Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyenwe enetyala lobusela, inkundla iya kuwisa isigwebo ngokuhambelana ne-UAE's Federal Penal Code. Ubunzima besohlwayo buya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana nexabiso lempahla ebiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okanye ubundlobongela, nokuba ityala lisiko lokuqala okanye eliphindaphindiweyo. Izohlwayo zinokususela kwizohlwayo kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni ukuya ekugxothelweni kwabo bangengabo abe-UAE kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho olunobusela.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kuyo yonke inkqubo yomthetho, amalungelo omtyholwa afanele axhaswe, kuquka ukucingelwa ukuba akanatyala de abe ufunyaniswe enetyala, ilungelo lokumelwa ngumthetho, nelungelo lokubhena nakuphi na ukugwetywa okanye isigwebo.
