Ukuxhwila kunye nokuxhwila lulwaphulo-mthetho olunobuzaza phantsi kwemithetho ye-United Arab Emirates, njengoko lunyhasha ilungelo elisisiseko lomntu lenkululeko kunye nokhuseleko lomntu. I-UAE Federal Law No. 3 ye-1987 kwi-Penal Code ichaza iinkcazo ezithile, ukuhlelwa, kunye nezohlwayo ezinxulumene nolu lwaphulo-mthetho. Ilizwe lithatha inyathelo elingqongqo ngokuchasene nezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, lijolise ekukhuseleni abemi kunye nabahlali balo kumonzakalo kunye nokwenzakala okunokubakho okuyanyaniswa nokuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukuthuthwa ngokunxamnye nentando yomntu. Ukuqonda iziphumo ezisemthethweni zokuxhwilwa kunye nokuxhwila kubalulekile ekugcineni imeko-bume ekhuselekileyo kunye nokugcina umthetho womthetho phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo lwe-UAE.

Ithini inkcazo esemthethweni yokuxhwila kwi-UAE?

NgokweSiqendu 347 se-UAE Federal Law No. 3 ka-1987 kwi-Penal Code, ukuxhwila kuchazwa njengesenzo sokubamba, ukuvalela, okanye ukuhlutha umntu inkululeko yakhe ngaphandle kwesizathu esisemthethweni. Umthetho uchaza ukuba oku kuhluthwa inkululeko ngokungekho mthethweni kungenzeka ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla, inkohliso, okanye ukoyikisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lingakanani na ixesha okanye iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukwenza eso senzo.

Inkcazo esemthethweni yokuxhwila kwi-UAE ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko kunye neemeko. Kubandakanya ukuxhwila okanye ukuvalela umntu ngenkani ngokuchasene nentando yakhe, kunye nokubarhwebesha okanye ukumqhatha kwimeko apho ahluthwe inkululeko yakhe. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omzimba, ukunyanzeliswa, okanye ukuxhaphaza ngokwasengqondweni ukunqanda ukuhamba komntu okanye inkululeko ifaneleka njengokuxhwilwa phantsi komthetho we-UAE. Ityala lokuxhwila liphelele kungakhathaliseki nokuba ixhoba lifuduselwe kwenye indawo okanye ligcinwe kwindawo enye, ukuba inkululeko yalo ithintelwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila olwamkelwa phantsi komthetho we-UAE?

IKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE iqaphela kwaye ihlele ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kwizinto ezithile kunye neemeko. Nazi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila phantsi komthetho we-UAE:

Ukuqweqwedisa okulula: Oku kubhekisa kwisenzo esisisiseko sokuhlutha umntu inkululeko ngokungekho mthethweni ngokusebenzisa amandla, inkohliso, okanye ukoyikisa, ngaphandle kwazo naziphi na iimeko ezongezelelekileyo ezimandundu.
Ukuxhwilwa Okumanyumnyezi: Olu hlobo lubandakanya ukuxhwila okukhatshwa zizinto ezimanyumnyezi ezifana nokusetyenziswa kogonyamelo, ukungcungcuthekiswa, okanye ukonakaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni kwixhoba, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwabenzi bobubi abaninzi.
Ukuxhwilwa ngentlawulelo: Olu lwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeka xa ukuxhwilwa kuqhutywa ngenjongo yokufumana intlawulelo okanye olunye uhlobo lwenzuzo yemali okanye yezinto eziphathekayo ukuze kukhululwe ixhoba.
Ukuxhwilwa kwabazali: Oku kuquka ukuba omnye umzali athabathe okanye agcine umntwana wakhe ngokungekho mthethweni kugcino okanye inyameko yomnye umzali, ehlutha umzali lowo ngamalungelo akhe asemthethweni ngomntwana lowo.
Ukuxhwilwa kwabancinci: Oku kubhekiselele ekuxhwilweni kwabantwana okanye abancinci, okuthathwa njengetyala elibukhali ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni kwamaxhoba.
Ukuxhwilwa kwamagosa karhulumente okanye ooDiplomathi: Ukuxhwilwa kwamagosa karhulumente, oonozakuzaku, okanye abanye abantu abanewonga elisemthethweni kuthathwa njengetyala elahlukileyo nelinzima phantsi komthetho we-UAE.

Uhlobo ngalunye lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila lusenokuthwala izohlwayo nezohlwayo ezahlukeneyo, nezona ziphumo zinzima zigcinelwe amatyala abandakanya izinto ezimanyumnyezi, ubundlobongela, okanye ukujoliswa kwabantu abasesichengeni njengabantwana okanye amagosa.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kokuxhwilwa kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila kwi-UAE?

Ngelixa ukuqweqwedisa kunye nokuxhwila kululwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumeneyo, kukho umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi zimbini phantsi komthetho we-UAE. Nantsi itheyibhile ephawula umahluko:

umba	Ukuthunjwa	Ukuthathwa
inkcazelo	Ukuhluthwa ngokungekho mthethweni inkululeko yomntu ngokusebenzisa amandla, inkohliso, okanye izoyikiso	Ukuthabatha okanye ukudluliselwa ngokungekho mthethweni komntu ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, ngokuchasene nentando yabo
intshukumo	Akuyomfuneko	Ibandakanya ukuhamba okanye ukuthuthwa kwexhoba
ubude bexesha	Inokuba ngalo naliphi na ixesha, nokuba lelethutyana	Idla ngokuthetha ixesha elide lokuvalelwa okanye ukuvalelwa
Injongo	Inokuba ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya intlawulelo, ukwenzakala, okanye ukunyanzeliswa	Ihlala inxulunyaniswa nenjongo ezithile ezifana nokubamba abantu, ukuxhaphaza ngokwesondo, okanye ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni.
Ubudala bexhoba	Isebenza kumaxhoba ayo nayiphi na iminyaka	Amanye amalungiselelo ajongene ngqo nokuxhwilwa kwabantwana okanye abantwana
Izigwebo	Izohlwayo zinokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziya zisiba mandundu, imeko yexhoba kunye neemeko	Idla ngokuthwala izohlwayo eziqatha kunokuxhwila nje, ingakumbi kumatyala abandakanya abantwana okanye ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa iKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE isahlula phakathi kokuxhwila kunye nokuxhwila, ezi ziphoso zihlala zidibana okanye zenzeke ngaxeshanye. Ngokomzekelo, ukuxhwilwa kusenokubandakanya isenzo sokuqala sokuxhwila ngaphambi kokuba ixhoba lifuduswe okanye lihanjiswe. Iintlawulo ezithile kunye nezohlwayo zimiselwa ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zetyala ngalinye kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo yomthetho.

Ngawaphi amanyathelo athintela ukuxhwilwa kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila e-UAE?

I-UAE iphumeze amanyathelo awohlukeneyo okuthintela kunye nokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila kunye nokuxhwila ngaphakathi kwemida yayo. Nanga amanye amanyathelo angundoqo:

Imithetho engqongqo kunye nezohlwayo: I-UAE inemithetho engqongqo ebeka izohlwayo eziqatha ngokuxhwila kunye namatyala okuxhwila, kuquka izigwebo ezinde entolongweni kunye nezohlwayo. Ezi zohlwayo zingqongqo zisebenza njengesithintelo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo.
Unyanzeliso loMthetho oluBanzi: Ii-arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho ze-UAE, ezifana namapolisa kunye nemikhosi yokhuseleko, baqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye baxhotyiselwe ukuphendula kwiziganeko zokuxhwila nokuxhwila ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo.
UHlolo oluPhezulu kunye nokuBeka iliso: Ilizwe lityale imali kwiinkqubo zokucupha ezikumgangatho ophezulu, eziquka iikhamera zeCCTV kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ukulandelela nokubamba abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwila nokuxhwila.
Amaphulo oKwazisa uluntu: Urhulumente we-UAE kunye nabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo baqhuba rhoqo amaphulo okwazisa uluntu ukufundisa abemi kunye nabahlali malunga nemingcipheko kunye namanyathelo okuthintela anxulumene nokuxhwilwa kunye nokuxhwilwa.
INtsebenziswano yaMazwe ngaMazwe: I-UAE isebenzisana ngenkuthalo neearhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nemibutho yokulwa ukuxhwilwa kwabantu abawela imida kunye namatyala okuxhwila, kunye nokuququzelela ukubuyiswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwamaxhoba.
Iinkonzo zeNkxaso kwixhoba: I-UAE ibonelela ngeenkonzo zenkxaso kunye nezibonelelo kumaxhoba okuxhwilwa kunye nokuxhwilwa, kubandakanywa iingcebiso, uncedo lwezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili.
Ingcebiso yokuHamba kunye neMilinganiselo yoKhuseleko: Urhulumente ukhupha iingcebiso zohambo kunye nezikhokelo zokhuseleko kubemi kunye nabahlali, ngakumbi xa betyelela iindawo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu okanye amazwe, ukwazisa nokukhuthaza amanyathelo okhuseleko.
Uthethathethwano noluntu: Ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho zisebenza ngokusondeleleneyo noluntu lwasekuhlaleni ukukhuthaza ukuphaphela, ukunika ingxelo ngezenzo ezikrokrisayo, kunye nentsebenziswano ekuthinteleni nasekusombululeni amatyala okuxhwila nokuxhwila.

Ngokuphumeza la manyathelo abanzi, i-UAE ijolise ekudaleni indawo ekhuselekileyo kwaye ithintele abantu ukuba bangazibandakanyi kulwaphulo-mthetho oloyikekayo, ekugqibeleni ikhusela ukhuseleko kunye nentlalontle yabemi bayo kunye nabahlali.

Zeziphi isohlwayo sokuxhwilwa kwi-UAE?

Ukuxhwila kuthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho olunzima kwi-United Arab Emirates, kwaye izohlwayo zezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zichazwe kuMthetho we-Federal Decree-Law No. Isohlwayo sokuqweqwedisa siyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko nakwiimeko ezithile ezibandakanyekileyo kwelo tyala.

Ngaphantsi kweNqaku lama-347 leKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE, isohlwayo esisisiseko sokuxhwila kukuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elingadlulanga kwiminyaka emihlanu. Noko ke, ukuba ukuqweqwedisa kubandakanya iimeko ezimanyumnyezi, ezinjengokusebenzisa ugonyamelo, ukusongela, okanye ukuqhatha, isohlwayo sinokuba qatha ngakumbi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umenzi wobubi unokuvalelwa ixesha elifikelela kwiminyaka elishumi, yaye ukuba ukuqweqwedisa kuphumela ekufeni kwexhoba, isohlwayo sisenokuba kukuvalelwa ubomi entolongweni okanye isigwebo sentambo.

Ukongezelela, ukuba ukuqweqwedisa kubandakanya umntwana omncinane (ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18) okanye umntu onesiphene, isohlwayo siqatha ngakumbi. Inqaku lama-348 leKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE ithi ukuxhwila umntwana omncinci okanye umntu okhubazekileyo wohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elingekho ngaphantsi kweminyaka esixhenxe. Ukuba ukuqweqwedisa kukhokelela ekufeni kwexhoba, umenzi wobubi unokuvalelwa entolongweni ubomi bonke okanye agwetywe ukufa.

Abasemagunyeni bazibophelele ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwabo bonke abantu kweli lizwe, kwaye naluphi na uhlobo lokuxhwila okanye lokuxhwila lujongwa njengetyala elinzulu. Ukongeza kwizohlwayo ezisemthethweni, abo babanjelwe ukuxhwila basenokujongana neziphumo ezongezelelweyo, njengokugxothwa kwabantu abangengabo abe-UAE kunye nokuthinjwa kwayo nayiphi na impahla okanye ipropathi enxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ziziphi iziphumo ezisemthethweni zokuxhwilwa kwabazali kwi-UAE?

I-United Arab Emirates inemithetho ethe ngqo ejongene nokuxhwilwa kwabazali, ethathwa njengetyala elahlukileyo kumatyala okuxhwilwa kwabantwana ngokubanzi. Ukuthunjwa kwabazali kulawulwa yimimiselo yoMthetho we-Federal No. 28 ka-2005 kwiSimo soMntu. Phantsi kwalo mthetho, ukuqweqwedisa kwabazali kuchazwa njengemeko apho omnye umzali ethabatha okanye amgcine umntwana enyhasha ilungelo lomnye umzali lokugcina umntwana. Imiphumo yezenzo ezinjalo inokuba nzima.

Okokuqala, umzali owonileyo unokujongana nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuxhwila abazali. Inqaku lama-349 leKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE lithi umzali othimba okanye ofihle umntwana wakhe kumlondolozi osemthethweni unokohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emibini kunye nesohlwayo. Ukongeza, iinkundla ze-UAE zinokukhupha ii-odolo zokubuyiselwa komntwana kwangoko kumlondolozi osemthethweni. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela loo miyalelo kungakhokelela kwezinye iziphumo zomthetho, kuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye isohlwayo sokudelela inkundla.

Kwiimeko zokuxhwilwa kwabazali okubandakanya izinto zamazwe ngamazwe, i-UAE ibambelela kwimigaqo yeNgqungquthela yaseHague kwiMiba yoLuntu yokuXhwalwa koMntwana waMazwe ngaMazwe. Iinkundla zinokuyalela ukuba umntwana abuyiselwe kwilizwe ahlala kulo ukuba ukuxhwilwa kufunyanwa kukwaphula imiqathango yendibano.

Zeziphi isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho lokuxhwilwa kwabantwana kwi-UAE?

Ukuxhwilwa komntwana lityala elinzulu e-UAE, ohlwaywa ngezohlwayo eziqatha phantsi komthetho. NgokweNqaku lama-348 leKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE, ukuxhwila umntwana (ongaphantsi kwe-18) kugwetywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ubuncinci beminyaka esixhenxe. Ukuba ukuxhwila kuphumela ekufeni komntwana, umenzi wobubi unokugwetywa ubomi entolongweni okanye isigwebo sentambo.

Ukongeza, abo babanjwe benetyala lokuxhwila abantwana banokuba phantsi kwesohlwayo esikhulu, ukuthinjwa kwempahla, kunye nokugxothwa kwabo bangengabo abe-UAE. I-UAE yamkela indlela yokunganyamezeli nto kulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe ebantwaneni, ebonisa ukuzibophelela kwayo ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lwabantwana kunye nokuphila kakuhle.

Yeyiphi inkxaso ekhoyo kumaxhoba okuxhwilwa kunye neentsapho zabo kwi-UAE?

IUnited Arab Emirates iyaliqonda ifuthe elibi lokuxhwila amaxhoba kunye neentsapho zawo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso kunye nezibonelelo ziyafumaneka ukubanceda ngexesha nasemva kovavanyo olulolo hlobo.

Okokuqala, abasemagunyeni e-UAE babeka phambili ukhuseleko kunye nentlalontle yamaxhoba okuxhwila. Ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho zisebenza ngokukhawuleza nangenkuthalo ekukhangeleni nasekuhlanguleni amaxhoba, zisebenzisa zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo kunye nobuchule. Iiyunithi zenkxaso yamaxhoba ngaphakathi kumkhosi wamapolisa zibonelela ngoncedo olukhawulezileyo, iingcebiso, kunye nezikhokelo kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zawo ngexesha lophando kunye nenkqubo yokubuyisela.

Ngaphaya koko, i-UAE inorhulumente oliqela kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ebonelela ngeenkonzo zenkxaso ezibanzi kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, kubandakanya nokuxhwilwa. Ezi nkonzo zinokubandakanya iingcebiso ngokwasengqondweni, uncedo lwezomthetho, uncedo lwemali, kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela kwisimo sexesha elide. Imibutho efana neDubai Foundation yabasetyhini kunye nabantwana kunye ne-Ewa'a Shelters for Amaxhoba okuRhweba ngoLuntu ibonelela ngokhathalelo olulodwa kunye nenkxaso elungiselelwe iimfuno ezizodwa zamaxhoba okuxhwila kunye neentsapho zawo.

Ngawaphi amalungelo abantu abatyholwa ngokuxhwila kwi-UAE?

Abantu abatyholwa ngokuxhwila kwi-United Arab Emirates banelungelo lamalungelo athile asemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko phantsi kwemithetho kunye nomgaqo-siseko we-UAE. La malungelo aquka:

Ukucingelwa Ukuba Umsulwa: Abantu abatyholwa ngokuxhwila babonwa bengenatyala de bafunyanwe benetyala yinkundla yomthetho.
Ilungelo lokumelwa ngokwasemthethweni: Abantu abatyholwayo banelungelo lokumelwa ligqwetha abalithandayo okanye lokutyunjwa ngurhulumente ukuba abanako ukumelwa ngokusemthethweni.
Ilungelo lokungena kwiNkqubo: Inkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE iqinisekisa ilungelo lenkqubo efanelekileyo, ebandakanya ilungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala ngobulungisa kunye noluntu ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ilungelo lokutolika: Abantu abatyholwayo abasithethiyo okanye abasiqondiyo isiArabhu banelungelo letoliki ngexesha lenkqubo yomthetho.
Ilungelo Lokunikela Ubungqina: Abantu abatyholwayo banelungelo lokubonisa ubungqina kunye namangqina ukuzithethelela ngexesha letyala.
Ilungelo lokuBhenela: Abantu ababanjelwe ukuxhwila banelungelo lokubhena kwisigwebo nesigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo.
Ilungelo loNyango loLuntu: Abantu abatyholwayo banelungelo lokuphathwa ngobuntu nangesidima, bengangcungcuthekiswa okanye baphathwe ngenkohlakalo, bangabi nabuntu okanye baphathwe ngendlela ethob’ isidima.
ILungelo kuBucala kunye noNdwendwelo loSapho: Abantu abatyholwayo banelungelo lemfihlo nelungelo lokutyelelwa ngamalungu eentsapho zabo.

Abantu abatyholwayo kufuneka bawazi amalungelo abo kwaye bafune igqwetha ukuze baqinisekise ukuba amalungelo abo akhuselekile kuyo yonke inkqubo yomthetho.

I-UAE iwaphatha njani amatyala okuxhwila amazwe ngamazwe abandakanya abemi base-UAE?

Umthetho we-UAE's Federal Law No. Lo mthetho uvumela i-UAE ukuba icele ukukhutshwa kwabantu abatyholwa okanye abagwetywe ngokuxhwila ummi we-UAE phesheya. Ukongeza, iNqaku le-38 leKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE linika ulawulo lwe-UAE kulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa kubemi bayo ngaphandle kwelizwe, livumela ukutshutshiswa ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE. I-UAE ikwangumtyikityi kwiindibano ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanywa iNgqungquthela yeZizwe ngezizwe echasene nokuThathwa kwamaHostages, eququzelela intsebenziswano kunye noncedo lwezomthetho kumatyala okuxhwila awela umda. Le mithetho kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zixhobisa abasemagunyeni e-UAE ukuba bathathe inyathelo elikhawulezileyo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abenzi bobubi bamazwe ngamazwe bajongana nobulungisa.