Ukunyoba, imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo e-UAE

I-United Arab Emirates (UAE) inemithetho engqongqo kunye nemimiselo ekhoyo yokulwa ukunyoba norhwaphilizo. Ngomgaqo-nkqubo wokungawanyamezeli tu kwaphela la matyala, ilizwe liwisa izohlwayo eziqatha kubantu kunye nemibutho efunyaniswa inetyala lokubandakanyeka kwizinto ezinjalo ezingekho semthethweni. Iinzame zokulwa urhwaphilizo ze-UAE zijolise ekugcineni ukungafihli, ukugcina umthetho, kunye nokukhuthaza imekobume yoshishino enobulungisa kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Ngokuthatha ukuma okuqinileyo ngokuchasene nokunyotywa norhwaphilizo, i-UAE ifuna ukukhulisa ukuthembana, ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle, kwaye izimise njengendawo ehamba phambili yeshishini lehlabathi elakhelwe phezu kwemithetho-siseko yokuphendula kunye nokuziphatha okusesikweni.

Ithini inkcazo yokunyoba phantsi komthetho we-UAE?

Ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yezomthetho ye-UAE, ukunyoba kuchazwa ngokubanzi njengesenzo sokunikezela, ukuthembisa, ukunika, ukufuna, okanye ukwamkela inzuzo okanye inkuthazo engafanelekanga, nokuba ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ukutshintshisa ukuba umntu enze okanye ayeke ukwenza umsebenzi imisebenzi yabo. Oku kuquka iindlela zokunyoba ezisebenzayo nezingazenzisiyo, ezibandakanya amagosa karhulumente kunye nabantu abazimeleyo namaqumrhu. Ukunyoba kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuhlawulwa kwemali ezinkozo, izipho, ukuzonwabisa, okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo lokwanelisa olunenjongo yokuphembelela ngokungafanelekanga isigqibo okanye izenzo zomamkeli.

IKhowudi yePenal ye-UAE kunye neminye imithetho efanelekileyo ibonelela ngesakhelo esibanzi sokuchaza kunye nokujongana neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyoba. Oku kuquka amatyala afana nokunyotywa kwabasebenzi bakarhulumente, ukunyoba kumashishini abucala, ukunyotywa kwamagosa karhulumente angaphandle, kunye neentlawulo ezilula. Le mithetho ikwabandakanya amatyala anxulumeneyo afana nokurhwaphiliza, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukurhwaphiliza imali, kunye norhwebo ngempembelelo, oluhlala ludibana namatyala okunyoba naworhwaphilizo. Ngokucacileyo, umthetho we-UAE ochasene nokunyotywa awusebenzi kubantu ngabanye kuphela kodwa nakwiinkampani kunye namanye amaqumrhu asemthethweni, ubabeka uxanduva ngezenzo zorhwaphilizo. Ukwajolise ekugcineni imfezeko, ukungafihli, kunye nokuthatha uxanduva kuwo onke amacandelo, ukumilisela imeko-bume yoshishino enobulungisa nesesikweni ngeli lixa ikhuthaza ulawulo olululo kunye nomthetho.

Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokunyoba ezamkelwa kwi-UAE?

Uhlobo lokunyoba	inkcazelo
Ukunyotywa kwamagosa karhulumente	Ukukhupha okanye ukwamkela izinyobo ngenjongo yokuphembelela izenzo okanye izigqibo zamagosa karhulumente, kuquka abaphathiswa, iijaji, amagosa omthetho nabasebenzi bakarhulumente.
Ukunyotywa kwiCandelo laBucala	Ukunikezela okanye ukwamkela izinyobo kumxholo wentengiselwano zorhwebo okanye ukusebenzelana kwezoshishino, okubandakanya abantu babucala okanye amaqumrhu.
Ukunyotywa kwamagosa oluntu angaphandle	Ukunyoba amagosa karhulumente angaphandle okanye amagosa emibutho yoluntu yamazwe ngamazwe ukufumana okanye ukugcina ishishini okanye inzuzo engafanelekanga.
IiNtlawulo zoLungiselelo	Iintlawulo ezincinci ezingekho semthethweni ezenziwe ukukhawulezisa okanye ukukhusela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yesiqhelo karhulumente okanye iinkonzo apho umhlawuli anelungelo ngokusemthethweni.
Ukurhweba kwimpembelelo	Ukunikezela okanye ukwamkela inzuzo engafanelekanga ukuphembelela inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezigqibo zegosa likarhulumente okanye igunya.
Ukunyanzelwa	Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa okanye ukutshintshelwa kwepropati okanye iimali eziphathiswe ukhathalelo lomntu ukuze kuzuze yena.
Ukusebenzisa kakubi Amandla	Ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga kwesikhundla esisemthethweni okanye igunya ukuze kungenelwe yena okanye ukuze kungenelwe abanye.
Ukurhwaphiliza imali	Inkqubo yokufihla okanye yokufihla imvelaphi yemali okanye izinto zexabiso ezifunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Imithetho ye-UAE echasene nokunyoba igubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwezenzo zorhwaphilizo, iqinisekisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyoba kunye namatyala anxulumeneyo ayasonjululwa kwaye ohlwaywe ngokufanelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki umxholo okanye amaqela abandakanyekayo.

Ngawaphi amalungiselelo aphambili omthetho we-UAE ochasene nokunyotywa?

Nanga amalungiselelo aphambili omthetho we-UAE ochasene nokunyotywa:

• Inkcazo ebanzi ebandakanya ukunyotywa kukawonke-wonke kunye nabucala: Umthetho unika inkcazo ebanzi yokunyoba equka omabini amacandelo karhulumente kunye necandelo labucala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zorhwaphilizo kuwo nawuphi na umxholo ziyalungiswa.
• Ukwaphula umthetho wokunyoba, kuquka namagosa angaphandle: Umthetho usenza sibe lulwaphulo-mthetho isenzo sokunyoba (isinyobo esisebenzayo) kunye nesenzo sokwamkela isinyobo (ukunyoba okungenziwanga), ukwandisa ukufikelela kwawo kumatyala abandakanya amagosa karhulumente angaphandle.
• Iyakwalela intlawulo yokuququzelela okanye "igrisi": Umthetho uyakwalela ukuhlawulwa kweemali ezincinci ezingekho semthethweni, ezaziwa ngokuba lula okanye iintlawulo "zegrisi", ezihlala zisetyenziselwa ukukhawulezisa izenzo okanye iinkonzo zesiqhelo zikarhulumente.
• Izohlwayo eziqatha njengokuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nezohlwayo eziqatha: Umthetho uwisa izohlwayo eziqatha kumatyala okunyoba, kuquka ukugwetywa ixesha elide entolongweni kunye nezohlwayo zemali eninzi, ezisebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla kwizenzo zorhwaphilizo ezinjalo.
• Uxanduva lokunyotywa kwabasebenzi/kwiarhente: Umthetho ubeka imibutho enoxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba olwenziwe ngabaqeshwa okanye iiarhente zabo, iqinisekisa ukuba iinkampani zigcina iinkqubo zokuthotyelwa ezichasene nokunyoba kwaye zisebenzise inkuthalo efanelekileyo.
• Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kwabemi be-UAE / abahlali baphesheya: Umthetho wandisa amagunya awo okuhlawula amatyala okunyoba enziwe ngabemi be-UAE okanye abahlali abangaphandle kwelizwe, ukuvumela ukutshutshiswa nokuba ityala lenzekile phesheya.
• Ukhuseleko lokuxela ukukhuthaza ingxelo: Umthetho uquka izibonelelo zokukhusela abo baxela izikhalazo zabo ngeziganeko zokunyoba okanye urhwaphilizo, ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba beze ngaphambili nolwazi ngaphandle kokoyika impindezelo.
• Ukuthinjwa kweemali ezifunyenwe ngesinyobo: Umthetho uyakuvumela ukuthinjwa nokubuyiswa kwayo nayiphi na ingeniso okanye impahla efunyenwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba, uqinisekisa ukuba abo babandakanyeka kuqheliselo lorhwaphilizo abanakuzuza kwiinzuzo zabo ezingekho mthethweni.
• Iinkqubo zokuthobela ezinyanzelekileyo zemibutho ye-UAE: Umthetho ugunyazisa ukuba imibutho esebenza kwi-UAE iphumeze iinkqubo zokuthotyelwa ezichasene nokunyotywa, kuquka imigaqo-nkqubo, iinkqubo, noqeqesho, ukuthintela nokubhaqa ukunyoba.
• Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kuphando/utshutshiso lokunyoba: Umthetho uququzelela intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuncedisana kwezomthetho kuphando lokunyoba kunye nokutshutshisa, uvumela intsebenziswano enqumla imida kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi ukulwa namatyala okunyoba kumazwe ngamazwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Zeziphi isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba kwi-UAE?

I-United Arab Emirates ithatha indlela yokunganyamezeli i-zero malunga nokunyotywa kunye norhwaphilizo, kunye nezohlwayo ezingqongqo ezichazwe kuMthetho we-Federal Decree-Law No. . Iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba zibukhali kwaye ziyahluka ngokusekelwe kubume bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namaqela abandakanyekayo.

Ukunyotywa okubandakanya amaGosa oLuntu

1. Ixesha lokuvalelwa
   • Ukufuna, ukwamkela, okanye ukufumana izipho, izibonelelo, okanye izithembiso ngokutshintshiselana ngokwenza, ukushiya, okanye ukwaphula imisebenzi esemthethweni kunokukhokelela kwisigwebo sexeshana sokuvalelwa entolongweni ukususela kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kweli-15 (Amanqaku 275-278).
   • Ubude bexesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni buxhomekeke kubuzaza bolwaphulo-mthetho nakwizikhundla ezibanjwe ngabantu ababandakanyekayo.
2. Izohlwayo zemali
   • Ukongeza okanye njengenye indlela yokuvalelwa entolongweni, kunokohlwaywa izohlwayo ezinkulu.
   • Ezi zohlwayo zidla ngokubalwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lesinyobo okanye njengesixa-mali sokunyoba.

Ukunyotywa kwiCandelo laBucala

1. Ukunyoba (Ukunyoba)
   • Ukunikezela ngesinyobo kwicandelo labucala lityala elohlwaywayo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-5 (Inqaku lama-283).
2. Ukunyotywa okuzenzisayo (Ukwamkela isinyobo)
   • Ukwamkela isinyobo kwicandelo labucala kunokukhokelela ekuvalelweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-3 (inqaku lama-284).

Iziphumo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezohlwayo

1. Ukuthinjwa kweAsethi
   • Amagunya e-UAE anegunya lokuhlutha nayiphi na impahla okanye ipropati evela okanye esetyenziswe kwikhomishini yezenzo zokunyoba (iSiqendu 285).
2. I-Debarment kunye ne-Blacklisting
   • Abantu kunye neenkampani ezifunyaniswe zinetyala lokunyoba zinokujongana nokuthintelwa ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwiikhontrakthi zikarhulumente okanye bafakwe kuluhlu lwabamnyama ekuqhubeni ishishini kwi-UAE.
3. Izohlwayo zeShishini
   • Iinkampani ezibandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba zinokujongana nezohlwayo eziqatha, ezibandakanya ukunqunyanyiswa okanye ukurhoxiswa kwamaphepha-mvume oshishino, ukuchithwa, okanye ukubekwa phantsi kweliso lenkundla.
4. Izohlwayo ezongezelelweyo kumntu ngamnye
   • Abantu ababanjelwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba banokujongana nezohlwayo ezongezelelekileyo, ezinjengokulahleka kwamalungelo oluntu, uthintelo lokubamba izikhundla ezithile, okanye ukugxothwa kwabantu abangengabo abe-UAE.

Ukuma okungqongqo kwe-UAE kulwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kweendlela ezisesikweni zoshishino kunye nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuchasa urhwaphilizo kunye neenkqubo. Ukufuna ingcebiso yezomthetho kunye nokuthobela imigangatho ephezulu yemfezeko kubalulekile kubantu kunye nemibutho esebenza e-UAE.

I-UAE iluphatha njani uphando kunye nokutshutshiswa kwamatyala okunyoba?

I-United Arab Emirates iye yaseka iiyunithi ezikhethekileyo zokulwa norhwaphilizo ngaphakathi kwee-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho, ezifana ne-Dubai Public Prosecution kunye neSebe lezoBulungisa lase-Abu Dhabi, elinoxanduva lokuphanda izityholo zokunyoba. La macandelo aqeshe abaphandi abaqeqeshiweyo nabatshutshisi abasebenza ngokusondeleyo neeyunithi zobuntlola bezemali, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente. Banamandla abanzi okuqokelela ubungqina, ukuhlutha iimpahla, ukumisa ii-akhawunti zebhanki, kunye nokufumana amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kunye neerekhodi.

Emva kokuba ubungqina obaneleyo buqokelelwe, ityala lithunyelwa kwi-Ofisi yoTshutshiso loLuntu, ethi iphonononge ubungqina kwaye ithathe isigqibo sokuba ilandele izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abatshutshisi kwi-UAE bazimele kwaye banegunya lokuzisa amatyala phambi kweenkundla. Inkqubo yenkundla ye-UAE ilandela iinkqubo zomthetho ezingqongqo, ithobela imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokuxoxwa kwetyala ngobulungisa, nabamangalelwa banelungelo lokumelwa ngokusemthethweni nethuba lokuzithethelela.

Ngaphaya koko, iZiko loPhicotho-zincwadi likaRhulumente (SAI) lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni iliso nasekuphicotheni ii-arhente zikarhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemali karhulumente. Ukuba kuthe kwafunyaniswa iimeko zokunyoba okanye zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemali yoluntu, i-SAI ingawuthumela lo mbandela kwabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo ukuze baphande ngokubhekele phaya kunye nokutshutshiswa okunokwenzeka.

Luluphi ukhuselo olukhoyo kwiintlawulo zokunyoba phantsi komthetho we-UAE?

Phantsi kwenkqubo-sikhokelo yezomthetho ye-UAE, abantu okanye amaziko ajongene nezityholo zokunyoba anokuba nokhuseleko oluninzi olufumanekayo kubo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zetyala. Nazi ezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela ezinokuphakanyiswa:

1. Ukunqongophala kweNjongo okanye ulwazi
   • Ummangalelwa unokuxoxa ukuba babengenanjongo okanye ulwazi oluyimfuneko lokwenza ityala lokunyoba.
   • Olu khuselo lunokusebenza ukuba ummangalelwa angabonisa ukuba benze ngaphandle kokuqonda uhlobo lokwenene lwentengiselwano okanye ukuba bebengazi ukuba kukho isinyobo.
2. Ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukunyanzeliswa
   • Ukuba ummangalelwa unokungqina ukuba ebenyanzelwa okanye enyanzelwe ukuba amkele okanye akhuphe isinyobo, oku kunokusebenza njengesikhuselo.
   • Nangona kunjalo, umthwalo wobungqina bokuseka ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukunyanzeliswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuphezulu, kwaye ummangalelwa kufuneka anike ubungqina obubambekayo ukuxhasa eli bango.
3. Ukungeniswa
   • Kwiimeko apho ummangalelwa waye wahendwa okanye wabanjiswa ekwenzeni ityala lokunyoba ngamagunya onyanzeliso lomthetho okanye ngamagosa karhulumente, ukhuselo lokubanjwa lunokusebenza.
   • Ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba babengenalo i-predisposition yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye babephantsi koxinzelelo olungafanelekanga okanye ukunyanzeliswa ngabasemagunyeni.
4. Impazamo yeNyaniso okanye uMthetho
   • Ummangalelwa unokuxoxa ukuba enze impazamo yokwenene yenyani okanye umthetho, ekhokelela ekubeni bakholelwe ukuba izenzo zabo azikho mthethweni.
   • Olu khuselo lucela umngeni ukuseka, njengoko imithetho ye-UAE echasene nokunyotywa ibhengezwa ngokubanzi kwaye isaziwa.
5. Ukunqongophala koLawulo
   • Kumatyala abandakanya izinto ezinqumla imida, ummangalelwa unokucela umngeni kulawulo lwe-UAE kwisityholo solwaphulo-mthetho.
   • Olu khuselo lunokufaneleka ukuba ityala lokunyoba lenzekile ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kolawulo lommandla we-UAE.
6. Ingxelo yoThintelo
   • Ngokuxhomekeke kwityala elithile lokunyoba kunye nommiselo osebenzayo wokunciphisa phantsi komthetho we-UAE, ummangalelwa unokuxoxa ukuba ukutshutshisa kuthintelwe ixesha kwaye akunakuqhubeka.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubukho kunye nempumelelo yezi zikhuselo ziya kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezithile zetyala ngalinye kunye nobungqina obunikiweyo. Abamangalelwa abajongene nezityholo zokunyoba kwi-UAE bayacetyiswa ukuba bafune ingcebiso yezomthetho kumagqwetha anamava aqhelene nemithetho ye-UAE echasene nokunyoba kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho.

Usebenza njani umthetho we-UAE ochasene nokunyoba kwiinkampani nakumashishini ase-UAE?

Imithetho ye-UAE echasene nokunyoba, kubandakanywa noMthetho we-Federal Decree-Law No. Iinkampani zinokuba netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kulwaphulo-mthetho lokunyoba olwenziwa ngabasebenzi bazo, iiarhente, okanye abameli abamele inkampani.

Ubutyala benkampani bunokuvela xa ityala lokunyoba lenzelwe inzuzo yenkampani, nokuba abaphathi benkampani okanye ubunkokeli benkampani bebungazi ngokuziphatha okungekho mthethweni. Amaqumrhu angajongana nezohlwayo eziqatha, kuquka izohlwayo ezinkulu, ukunqunyanyiswa okanye ukurhoxiswa kwamaphepha-mvume oshishino, ukuchithwa, okanye ukubekwa phantsi kweliso lenkundla.

Ukunciphisa imingcipheko, amashishini e-UAE kulindeleke ukuba aphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo echasene nokunyotywa kunye neyorhwaphilizo, aqhube inkuthalo efanelekileyo kubameli beqela lesithathu, kunye nokubonelela ngoqeqesho lwarhoqo kubasebenzi ngokuthobela imithetho echasene nokunyotywa. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina ulawulo lwangaphakathi olwaneleyo kunye namanyathelo okuthintela kunokubonisa iinkampani kwimiphumo ebalulekileyo yezomthetho kunye negama.