Ukukhwabanisa kuwubugebengu obubucayi obubandakanya ukusetshenziswa budedengu okuwumgunyathi noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimpahla noma izimali eziphathiswe othile enye inhlangano, njengomqashi noma iklayenti. E-United Arab Emirates, ukukhwabanisela kunqatshelwe ngokuphelele futhi kungaholela emiphumeleni yomthetho enzima ngaphansi kohlaka lwezomthetho olubanzi lwezwe. I-Federal Penal Code ye-UAE iveza imithetho ecacile nezinhlawulo ezihlobene nokukhwabanisela, okubonisa ukuzibophezela kwezwe ekuphakamiseni ubuqotho, ukubeka izinto obala, kanye nomthetho ekusebenzelaneni kwezezimali nezohwebo. Ngesimo esikhulayo se-UAE njengehabhu lebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke, ukuqonda imiphumela esemthethweni yokukhwabanisela kubalulekile kubantu ngabanye nasezinhlanganweni ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo.
Ithini incazelo esemthethweni yokukhwabanisela ngokwemithetho ye-UAE?
E-United Arab Emirates, ukukhwabanisela kuchazwa ngaphansi kwe-Athikili 399 ye-Federal Penal Code njengesenzo sokuxhaphaza, ukusebenzisa kabi, noma ukuguqula ngokungemthetho izimpahla, izimali, noma impahla enikezwe umuntu othile ngenye inhlangano, njengomqashi, iklayenti, noma isikhungo. Le ncazelo ihlanganisa ububanzi bezimo lapho othile osesikhundleni sokwethenjwa noma igunya ngamabomu nangokungekho emthethweni ethatha ubunikazi noma ukulawula izimpahla okungezona ezakhe.
Izinto ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa ukukhwabanisela ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE zifaka phakathi ukuba khona kobudlelwano bokwethembeka, lapho umuntu osolwayo ephathiswe igunya lokunakekela noma ukuphatha izimpahla noma izimali zolunye uhlangothi. Ukwengeza, kufanele kube nobufakazi bokusetshenziswa budedengu ngamabomu noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwalezo zimpahla ukuze kuzuze umuntu noma kuzuze, esikhundleni sokungaphathwa kahle kwezimali ngephutha noma ngobudedengu.
Ukukhwabanisa kungase kwenzeke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengesisebenzi esiphambukisa izimali zenkampani ukuze sizisebenzisele yena, umeluleki wezezimali osebenzisa kabi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamakhasimende, noma isikhulu sikahulumeni esixhaphaza izimali zomphakathi. Kuthathwa njengohlobo lokweba kanye nokwephulwa kokwethenjwa, njengoba ummangalelwa ephule umsebenzi wokwethembeka abekwe wona ngokusebenzisa kabi impahla noma izimali okungezona ezakhe ngokufanelekile.
Ingabe ukukhwabanisa kuchazwa ngendlela ehlukile ezimeni zomthetho zesi-Arabhu nezamaSulumane?
Ngesi-Arabhu, igama lokukhwabanisela lithi “ikhtilas,” elihumusha “ukuxhaphaza” noma “ukuthatha okungekho emthethweni.” Nakuba igama lesi-Arabhu linencazelo efanayo neyesiNgisi elithi “embezzlement,” incazelo esemthethweni kanye nokuphathwa kwaleli cala kungase kuhluke kancane ezimeni zomthetho zamaSulumane. Ngaphansi komthetho we-Islamic Sharia, ukukhwabanisa kuthathwa njengohlobo lokweba noma “i-sariqah.” I-Quran kanye ne-Sunnah (izimfundiso nemikhuba yoMprofethi uMuhammad) igxeka ukweba futhi ibeka izijeziso eziqondile kulabo abatholakala benecala lobu bugebengu. Kodwa-ke, izazi zezomthetho zamaSulumane kanye nezazi zezomthetho zinikeze izincazelo ezengeziwe kanye nemihlahlandlela yokuhlukanisa ukukhwabanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zokweba.
Ngokwezazi eziningi zezomthetho zamaSulumane, ukukhwabanisa kuthathwa njengecala elinzima kunokweba okuvamile ngoba kuhilela ukwephulwa kokwethembeka. Lapho umuntu ephathiswe izimpahla noma izimali, kulindeleke ukuthi agcine umsebenzi wokwethembeka futhi avikele lezo zimpahla. Ngakho-ke ukukhwabanisa kubonakala kuwukukhaphela lokhu kuthenjwa, kanti ezinye izazi zithi kufanele kujeziswe kanzima kunezinye izinhlobo zokweba.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba umthetho wamaSulumane uhlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela nemigomo ehlobene nokukhwabanisela, izincazelo ezithile zomthetho nezijeziso zingase zehluke emazweni ahlukene aneningi lamaSulumane kanye nezindawo zomthetho. E-UAE, umthombo oyinhloko womthetho wokuchaza nokushushisa ukukhwabanisa yi-Federal Penal Code, esekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwezimiso zamaSulumane kanye nezinqubo zomthetho zesimanje.
Yiziphi izijeziso zokukhwabanisa e-UAE?
Ukukhwabanisa kuthathwa njengecala elibi e-United Arab Emirates, futhi izinhlawulo zingahluka ngokuya ngezimo ezithile zecala. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nezijeziso zokukhwabanisa:
Icala Lokuxhashazwa Okujwayelekile: Ngokusho kwe-UAE Penal Code, ukukhwabanisa kuvame ukufakwa kusigaba njengesenzo esingalungile. Isijeziso singabandakanya ukuboshwa isikhathi esingafika eminyakeni emithathu noma inhlawulo yezimali. Lokhu kusebenza lapho umuntu ethola izimpahla ezigudluka njengemali noma amadokhumenti ngesisekelo sediphozithi, ukuqashisa, ukubolekwa kwempahla, imali mboleko, noma i-ejensi futhi ezisebenzisa kabi ngokungemthetho, okubangela ukulimala kubanikazi abafanele.
Ukuba Nempahla Elahlekile Noma Engalungile Ngokungemthetho: Ikhodi Yenhlawulo ye-UAE iphinde ikhulume nezimo lapho umuntu ethatha impahla elahlekile eyomunye umuntu, ngenhloso yokuzigcinela yona, noma ethatha ngamabomu impahla ephethwe ngephutha noma ngenxa yezimo ezingenakugwenywa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umuntu angase abhekane nokugqunywa ejele iminyaka emibili noma inhlawulo encane ye-AED 20,000.
Ukuxhashazwa Kwempahla Ebolekiwe: Uma umuntu ekhwabanisa noma ezama ukuqola impahla esusekayo ayibophezele njengesibambiso sesikweletu, uzobhekana nesijeziso esichazwe ngokutholakala ngokungemthetho kwempahla elahlekile noma enephutha.
Abasebenzi Bomkhakha Womphakathi: Izijeziso zokukhwabanisela ngabasebenzi bomkhakha womphakathi e-UAE zinzima kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana ne-Federal Decree-Law No. 31 ka-2021, noma yisiphi isisebenzi sikahulumeni esibanjwe sintshontsha imali ngesikhathi somsebenzi noma isabelo singaphansi kwesigwebo esincane seminyaka emihlanu.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kokukhwabanisa nobunye ubugebengu bezezimali obufana nokukhwabanisa noma ukweba e-UAE?
E-UAE, ukukhwabanisa, ukukhwabanisa, nokweba amacala ezezimali ahlukene anezincazelo nemiphumela ehlukene yezomthetho. Nasi isiqhathaniso sethebula ukugqamisa umehluko:
| Ubugebengu | Incazelo | Ukwahlukana Kwokhiye |
|---|---|---|
| I-Embezzlement | Ukuxhaphaza ngokungemthetho noma ukudluliswa kwempahla noma izimali eziphathiswe ngokusemthethweni ukunakekelwa kothile, kodwa hhayi impahla yakhe. | – Kubandakanya ukwephulwa kokwethenjwa noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya empahleni noma esikhwameni somunye umuntu. – Impahla noma izimali zitholwe ngokusemthethweni. - Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngabasebenzi, ama-ejenti, noma abantu abasezikhundleni zokwethenjwa. |
| Ukukhwabanisa | Ukukhohlisa ngamabomu noma ukuhlanekezela amaqiniso ukuze uthole inzuzo engalungile noma engekho emthethweni, noma ukuphuca omunye umuntu imali, impahla, noma amalungelo angokomthetho. | - Kubandakanya isici sokukhohlisa noma ukuhlanekezela iqiniso. – Isephulamthetho singase sibe nokufinyelela okusemthethweni kumpahla noma izimali ekuqaleni. - Kungathatha izindlela ezahlukahlukene, njengokukhwabanisa kwezezimali, ukukhwabanisa komazisi, noma ukukhwabanisa kokutshalwa kwezimali. |
| Ubusela | Ukuthatha noma ukwabiwa kwempahla ngokungemthetho noma izimali zomunye umuntu noma inhlangano, ngaphandle kwemvume yabo futhi ngenhloso yokubaphuca ubunikazi bawo unomphela. | - Kubandakanya ukuthatha noma ukwabiwa kwempahla noma izimali. – Isephulamthetho asinakho ukufinyelela okusemthethweni noma igunya phezu kwempahla noma izimali. - Kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, njengokugqekeza, ukugebenga, noma ukweba ezitolo. |
Nakuba bobathathu ubugebengu buhilela ukutholwa okungekho emthethweni noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwempahla noma izimali, umehluko oyinhloko usekufinyeleleni kokuqala kanye negunya phezu kwezimpahla, kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo.
Ukukhwabanisa kuhilela ukwephulwa kwethemba noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya phezu kwempahla yomunye umuntu noma izimali eziphathiswe umenzi womthetho ngokusemthethweni. Ukukhwabanisa kuhlanganisa ukukhohlisa noma ukuhlanekezela amaqiniso ukuze uthole inzuzo engafanele noma ukuphuca abanye amalungelo noma izimpahla zabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukweba kuhilela ukuthatha noma ukwaba impahla noma izimali ngaphandle kwemvume yomnikazi futhi ngaphandle kokufinyelela okusemthethweni noma igunya.
Aphathwa kanjani amacala okukhwabanisa abandakanya abangaphandle e-UAE?
I-United Arab Emirates inohlelo lwezomthetho oluqinile olusebenza kuzo zombili izakhamizi kanye nabangaphandle abahlala ezweni. Uma kuziwa emacaleni okukhwabanisa ahilela abaphuma kwamanye amazwe, iziphathimandla ze-UAE ziwasingatha ngendlela efanayo futhi ethobela umthetho njengoba bezingenza kubantu base-Emirati.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinyathelo zomthetho ngokuvamile zihlanganisa uphenyo olwenziwa yiziphathimandla ezifanele, njengamaphoyisa noma ihhovisi lezokushushiswa komphakathi. Uma kutholakala ubufakazi obanele, lowo ovela kwelinye izwe angase abekwe icala lokweba imali ngaphansi kwe-UAE Penal Code. Icala liyobe seliqhubeka ngohlelo lwezobulungiswa, kanti lowo ongaphandle uzoqulwa enkantolo yomthetho.
Uhlelo lwezomthetho lwe-UAE alubandlululi ngokusekelwe kubuzwe noma isimo sokuba ngumhlali. Abangaphandle abatholakala benecala lokuxhaphaza bangabhekana nezijeziso ezifanayo nezezakhamuzi zase-Emirati, okuhlanganisa ukuboshwa, izinhlawulo, noma kokubili, kuye ngokucaciswa kwecala nemithetho esebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, icala lokukhwabanisela lingase futhi lifake imiphumela eyengeziwe yomthetho kumuntu ongaphandle, njengokuhoxiswa kwemvume yakhe yokuhlala noma ukuxoshwa e-UAE, ikakhulukazi uma icala lithathwa njengelibucayi kakhulu noma uma umuntu ebhekwa njengosongo kuye. ukuphepha komphakathi noma izintshisekelo zezwe.
Yimaphi amalungelo nezinketho ezingokomthetho zezisulu zokukhwabanisa e-UAE?
Izisulu zokukhwabanisela e-United Arab Emirates zinamalungelo athile nezinketho ezingokomthetho ezitholakalayo kuzo. Isistimu yezomthetho ye-UAE ibona ubunzima bobugebengu bezezimali futhi ihlose ukuvikela izintshisekelo zabantu ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano ezithintekayo kulawa macala. Okokuqala, izisulu zokukhwabanisa zinelungelo lokufaka isikhalazo kuziphathimandla ezifanele, njengamaphoyisa noma ihhovisi lezokushushiswa komphakathi. Uma isikhalo sesifakiwe, iziphathimandla ziphoqelekile ukuthi ziphenye kahle lolu daba futhi ziqoqe ubufakazi. Uma kutholakala ubufakazi obanele, icala lingaqhubekela ecaleni, futhi isisulu singabizwa ukuba sinikeze ubufakazi noma sihambise imibhalo efanele.
Ngokungeziwe emacaleni obugebengu, izisulu zokukhwabanisela e-UAE zingaphinde ziphishekele izinyathelo zomthetho ukuze zifune isinxephezelo nganoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa kwezimali noma umonakalo owenziwe ngenxa yokukhwabanisela. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinkantolo zomphakathi, lapho ohlukunyeziwe angavula icala enkantolo ngokumelene nomenzi wobubi, efuna ukubuyiselwa noma inhlawulo yezimali ezikhwatshiwe noma impahla. Uhlelo lwezomthetho lwe-UAE lugcizelela kakhulu ukuvikela amalungelo ezisulu kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zithola impatho efanele nelungile kuyo yonke inqubo yezomthetho. Izisulu zingase futhi zibe nenketho yokufuna ukumelwa nosizo lwezomthetho kubameli noma izinsiza zokweseka izisulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo abo ayagcinwa futhi izithakazelo zabo zivikelekile.
