I-United Arab Emirates ibheka ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungemthetho njengecala elibi kakhulu elibhekiswe emphakathini. Ukubulala, noma ukubangela ukufa komunye umuntu ngenhloso, kuthathwa njengecala elibi elidonsa izijeziso ezinzima ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-UAE. Uhlelo lwezomthetho lwezwe alukubekezeleli nhlobo ukubulala, okuvela emigomeni ye-Islamic yokugcina isithunzi somuntu nokugcina umthetho nokuhleleka okuyizinsika eziwumgogodla womphakathi nokubusa kwe-UAE.
Ukuze kuvikelwe izakhamuzi zayo kanye nezakhamuzi ekusongelweni kodlame lokubulala, i-UAE yenze imithetho ecacile ehlinzeka ngohlaka olubanzi lwezomthetho oluchaza izigaba ezihlukene zokubulala nokubulala ngokungenhloso. Izijeziso zamacala okubulala afakazelwe zisukela ekuboshweni isikhathi eside seminyaka engama-25 kuye kwezikadilikajele, isinxephezelo esikhulu semali yegazi, kanye nesijeziso sokufa esidutshulwa yiqembu elidubulayo emacaleni athathwa njenganzima kakhulu yizinkantolo ze-UAE. Izigaba ezilandelayo ziveza imithetho ethile, izinqubo zomthetho nemihlahlandlela yesigwebo ephathelene nobugebengu bokubulala nokubulawa kwabantu e-UAE.
Yimiphi imithetho ephathelene namacala okubulala e-Dubai nase-UAE?
- I-Federal Law No. 3 ka-1987 (Ikhodi Yenhlawulo)
- Federal Law No. 35 ka-1992 (Counter Narcotics Law)
- Umthetho Wesifunda No. 7 ka-2016 (Umthetho Ochibiyela Wokulwa Nobandlululo/Inzondo)
- Imithetho ye-Sharia Law
I-Federal Law No. 3 ka-1987 (Ikhodi Yenhlawulo) umthetho oyinhloko ochaza amacala okubulala ngokungenhloso afana nokubulala okuhlosiwe, ukubulawa kokuhlonipha, ukubulawa kwezingane, nokubulala, kanye nezijeziso zakhona. Isigaba 332 sigunyaza isigwebo sentambo sokubulala ngamabomu. Izihloko 333-338 zihlanganisa ezinye izigaba ezifana nokubulawa kwesihe. i-UAE Penal Code yabuyekezwa ngo-2021, ithatha indawo yoMthetho Federal No. 3 ka-1987 noMthetho Federal Decree Law No. izihloko nezinombolo kungenzeka zishintshile.
I-Federal Law No. 35 of 1992 (Counter Narcotics Law) iqukethe nezinhlinzeko ezihlobene nokubulala. Isigaba sesi-4 sivumela isijeziso sokufa ngamacala ezidakamizwa aholela ekulahlekelweni ukuphila, ngisho noma kungahlosiwe. Lesi simo esinzima sihlose ukunqanda ukuhweba ngezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. I-athikili yesi-6 yoMthetho Wombuso Nombolo 7 ka-2016 ichitshiyelwe umthetho okhona ukuze wethule izigaba ezihlukene zobugebengu obunenzondo nokubulala okugqugquzelwa ukucwasa inkolo, uhlanga, uhlanga noma ubuzwe.
Ukwengeza, izinkantolo ze-UAE zinamathela ezimisweni ezithile ze-Sharia ngenkathi zahlulela amacala okubulala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukucabangela izici ezifana nenhloso yobugebengu, ukuba necala kanye nokuhlela kusengaphambili ngokomthetho we-Sharia.
Yiziphi izijeziso zamacala okubulala e-Dubai nase-UAE?
Njengomthetho osanda kumiswa we-Federal Decree Law No. 31 of 2021 (UAE Penal Code), isijeziso sokubulala okuhlosiwe, okuhilela ukubangela ukushona komunye umuntu ngamabomu nangokungekho emthethweni ngokuhlela kwangaphambilini kanye nonya, yisigwebo sentambo. I-athikili efanele ikubeka ngokusobala ukuthi abenzi bobubi abalahlwe yile ndlela enyantisayo yokubulala ngokungenhloso bayogwetshwa ukubulawa ngokudubula. Ngokubulala okuhlonishwayo, lapho abesifazane bebulawa amalungu omndeni ngenxa yokwephulwa okucatshangwayo kwamasiko athile alandela imithetho, i-Article 384/2 inika amajaji amandla okunikeza izijeziso ezinkulu zesijeziso sokufa noma ukugqunywa ejele udilikajele ngokusekelwe emacaleni acacisiwe.
Umthetho uyawenza umehluko uma kukhulunywa ngeminye imikhakha efana nokubulawa kwezinsana, okuwukubulala okungekho emthethweni kwengane esanda kuzalwa. I-athikili 344 ehlobene naleli cala ibeka izigwebo ezithambile zasejele ezisuka ko-1 kuya kwemi-3 ngemva kokucabangela izimo ezinciphisayo nezici okungenzeka ziqhube umenzi wobubi. Ngokufa okubangelwa ubudedengu bobugebengu, ukuntuleka kokunakekelwa okufanele, noma ukungakwazi ukufeza izibopho zomthetho, iSigaba 339 sigunyaza ukuboshwa phakathi kweminyaka emi-3 kuya kwengu-7.
Ngaphansi koMthetho Federal No. 35 ka-1992 (Counter Narcotics Law), i-Article 4 ibeka ngokucacile ukuthi uma noma yiliphi icala elihlobene nezidakamizwa njengokukhiqiza, ukutholakala noma ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa kuholela ngokuqondile ekufeni komuntu, ngisho noma kungenhloso, isijeziso esiphezulu yesijeziso sokufa ngokubulawa singanikezwa izinhlangothi ezinecala ezithintekayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho Wombuso No. 7 wezi-2016 owachibiyela izinhlinzeko ezithile ngemva kokushaywa kwawo, wethula ithuba lokukhipha isigwebo sentambo noma udilikajele ngeSigaba 6 emacaleni lapho ukubulala noma ukubulala ngokungenhloso kubangelwa inzondo emelene nenkolo yomuntu ohlukunyeziwe, uhlanga, imvelaphi, uhlanga noma ubuzwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo ze-UAE nazo zilandela izimiso ezithile ze-Sharia ngenkathi zahlulela amacala ahlobene nokubulala okuhlosiwe. Lesi simiso sinikeza amalungelo ezindlalifa ezingokomthetho noma imindeni yabahlukunyezwa ukuba bafune ukubulawa kwabenzi bobubi, bamukele isinxephezelo semali yegazi esaziwa ngokuthi 'diya', noma banikeze ushwele - futhi isinqumo senkantolo kufanele sihambisane nesinqumo esenziwe ngumhlukunyezwa. umndeni.
I-UAE iwashushisa kanjani amacala okubulala?
Nazi izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezihilelekile ekutheni i-UAE ishushisa kanjani amacala okubulala:
- Uphenyo – Amaphoyisa kanye neziphathimandla zezokushushiswa komphakathi zenza uphenyo olunzulu mayelana nobugebengu, ziqoqe ubufakazi, ziphenye ofakazi ngemibuzo, futhi zibambe abasolwa.
- Izinkokhelo - Ngokusekelwe ekutholweni kophenyo, ihhovisi lezokushushiswa komphakathi licindezela ngokusemthethweni amacala ummangalelwa ngecala elihlobene lokubulala ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-UAE, njenge-Article 384/2 ye-UAE Penal Code ngokubulala ngokuhlosile.
- Ukuqulwa Kwamacala - Icala liya enkantolo ezinkantolo zobugebengu zase-UAE, abashushisi bethula ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ukuze bathole icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
- Amalungelo Ommangalelwa - Ummangalelwa unamalungelo okumelwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuphenya ofakazi, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuzivikela emacaleni, njengokusho kwe-Article 18 ye-UAE Penal Code.
- Ukuhlola Kwamajaji - Amajaji asenkantolo ahlola ngokungakhethi bonke ubufakazi nobufakazi obuvela ezinhlangothini zombili ukuze anqume ukuba necala kanye nokuhlela kusengaphambili, njengokusho kwe-Article 19 ye-UAE Penal Code.
- isinqumo - Uma etholakala enecala, amajaji akhipha isinqumo esichaza ukulahlwa yicala lokubulala nesigwebo ngokuvumelana nezinhlinzeko zekhodi yenhlawulo ye-UAE kanye nemigomo ye-Sharia.
- Inqubo Yezikhalazo - Kokubili abashushisi nokuzivikela banenketho yokudlulisa isinqumo senkantolo ezinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala uma kunesidingo, ngokwe-Article 26 ye-UAE Penal Code.
- Ukwenziwa kwesigwebo - Ezijezisweni zentambo, izimiso eziqinile ezibandakanya izikhalazo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kukamongameli we-UAE ziyalandelwa ngaphambi kokubulawa, njengokusho kwe-Article 384/2 ye-UAE Penal Code.
- Amalungelo Omndeni wezisulu – Ezimweni ezihleliwe, i-Sharia inikeza izinketho zemindeni yezisulu zokuxolela umenzi wobubi noma esikhundleni salokho yamukele isinxephezelo semali yegazi, njenge-Article 384/2 ye-UAE Penal Code.
Ingabe uhlelo lwezomthetho lwe-UAE luchaza futhi lwehlukanise kanjani amazinga okubulala?
Ikhodi Yenhlawulo ye-UAE ngaphansi koMthetho Wesinqumo Sombuso No. 31 ka-2021 inikeza uhlaka olunemininingwane yokuhlukanisa amazinga ahlukene okubulala okungekho emthethweni noma ukubulala ngokungenhloso. Nakuba ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi “ukubulala”, imithetho yenza umehluko ocacile ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nenhloso, ukuhlela kusengaphambili, izimo nezisusa zobugebengu. Amazinga ahlukene wamacala okubulala achazwe ngokucacile ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-UAE ami kanje:
| Degree | Incazelo | Izici ezibalulekile |
|---|---|---|
| Ukubulala Okuhleliwe | Ukubangela ukufa komuntu ngamabomu ngokuhlela okuhleliwe kanye nenhloso embi. | Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini, ubufakazi bokucatshangelwa kusengaphambili nobubi. |
| Hlonipha Ukubulala | Ukubulawa ngokungemthetho kwelungu lomndeni lesifazane ngenxa yokwephulwa okucatshangwayo kwamasiko athile. | Inhloso exhunywe kumasiko/izindinganiso zomndeni ezilandelanayo. |
| Ukubulawa kwezinsana | Ukubangela ukufa komntwana osanda kuzalwa ngokungemthetho. | Ukubulawa kwezinsana, izimo ezinciphisayo zicatshangelwe. |
| Ukubulala Budedengu | Ukufa okubangelwa ubudedengu bobugebengu, ukungakwazi ukufeza izibopho zomthetho, noma ukuntuleka kokunakekelwa okufanele. | Ayikho inhloso kodwa ubudedengu obusungulwe njengembangela. |
Ukwengeza, umthetho ubeka izijeziso ezinzima zamacala enzondo ahlanganisa ukubulala okugqugquzelwa ukucwaswa ngokwenkolo, uhlanga, uhlanga noma ubuzwe bomuntu ohlukunyeziwe ngaphansi kwezinhlinzeko ezichitshiyelwe zango-2016.
Izinkantolo ze-UAE zihlola ngokucophelela ubufakazi obufana namaqiniso enkundla yobugebengu, ama-akhawunti ofakazi, ukuhlolwa kwengqondo komsolwa kanye nezinye izindlela zokunquma ukuthi yiliphi izinga lokubulala elenziwe. Lokhu kuba nomthelela ngokuqondile ekugwetshweni, okusukela emigomeni yasejele ethambile kuye kwezinkulu kuya ngezinga elimisiwe lecala.
Ingabe i-UAE ibeka isigwebo sentambo ngamacala okubulala?
I-United Arab Emirates iyasibeka isigwebo sentambo noma isijeziso sokufa ngamacala athile okubulala ngaphansi kwemithetho yawo. Ukubulala okuhlosiwe, okubandakanya ukushona komuntu ngamabomu nangokungekho emthethweni ngokuhlela kwangaphambilini nangenhloso enonya, kudonsa isigwebo esiqinile sokubulawa ngabadubuli ngokweKhodi Yenhlawulo yase-UAE. Isigwebo sentambo singaphinde sikhishwe kwamanye amacala afana nokubulawa kwenhlonipho kwabesifazane ngamalungu omndeni, ubugebengu benzondo obuqhutshwa ukucwasa ngokwenkolo noma ngokobuhlanga, kanye namacala okushushumbisa izidakamizwa abangela ukulahlekelwa ukuphila.
Kodwa-ke, i-UAE ithobela izinqubo zomthetho eziqinile ezibekwe ohlelweni lwayo lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu kanye nezimiso ze-Sharia ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izigwebo zentambo ngamacala okubulala. Lokhu kuhilela inqubo yokudlulisa amacala ezinkantolo eziphakeme, inketho yokuthi imindeni yezisulu inikeze ushwele noma yamukele isinxephezelo semali yegazi esikhundleni sokubulawa, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokugcina kukamongameli we-UAE okuyimpoqo ngaphambi kokwenza izigwebo zentambo.
I-UAE iwaphatha kanjani amacala abandakanya abantu bangaphandle abasolwa ngokubulala?
I-UAE isebenzisa imithetho yayo yokubulala ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izakhamizi kanye nezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe ezihlala noma ezivakashele izwe. Abakwamanye amazwe abasolwa ngokubulala okungekho emthethweni bashushiswa ngenqubo yezomthetho efanayo kanye nohlelo lwenkantolo njengabomdabu base-Emirati. Uma balahlwa ngamacala okubulala ngokuhlosile noma amanye amacala okufa, abantu bangaphandle bangabhekana nesigwebo sentambo esifana nesabahlali. Nokho, abanalo inketho yokuxolelwa noma ukukhokha isinxephezelo semali yegazi emndenini wesisulu okuwukucatshangelwa okusekelwe ezimisweni zeSharia.
Iziboshwa zakwamanye amazwe ezinikezwe izigwebo zasejele esikhundleni sokubulawa, inqubo yezomthetho eyengeziwe ukuxoshwa e-UAE ngemva kokudonsa isigwebo sabo sasejele esigcwele. I-UAE ayenzi okuhlukile ekunikezeni umusa noma ukuvumela ukweqiwa kwemithetho yayo yokubulala abantu bangaphandle. Amanxusa agcinwa aziswa ukuze anikeze ukufinyelela kwenxusa kodwa awakwazi ukungenelela enqubweni yokwahlulela esekelwe kuphela emithethweni ezimele ye-UAE.
Lithini izinga lobugebengu bokubulala e-Dubai nase-UAE
I-Dubai kanye ne-United Arab Emirates (UAE) zinamanani aphansi kakhulu okubulala, ikakhulukazi uma eqhathaniswa namazwe anezimboni kakhulu. Idatha yezibalo ikhombisa ukuthi izinga lokubulala ngamabomu e-Dubai belilokhu lehla eminyakeni edlule, lehla lisuka ku-0.3 kubantu abayizi-100,000 ngo-2013 laya ku-0.1 kubantu abayi-100,000 ngo-2018, ngokusho kwe-Statista. Ezingeni elibanzi, izinga lokubulala lase-UAE ngo-2012 lalimi ku-2.6 kwabayi-100,000, liphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso somhlaba wonke esingu-6.3 kwabayi-100,000 ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbiko we-Dubai Police Major Crime Statistics engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2014 uqophe izinga lokubulala ngamabomu elingu-0.3 kubantu abayizi-100,000. Muva nje, ngo-2021, izinga lokubulala lase-UAE labikwa emacaleni angu-0.5 kubantu abayi-100,000.
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Izibalo zobugebengu zingashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi abafundi kufanele babheke idatha yakamuva esemthethweni evela emithonjeni ethembekile ukuze bathole ulwazi lwamanje olumayelana namazinga okubulala e-Dubai nase-UAE.
Ayini amalungelo abantu abasolwa ngokubulala e-UAE?
- Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele: Iqinisekisa inqubo yomthetho engachemi futhi enobulungisa ngaphandle kokucwasa.
- Ilungelo lokumelwa ngokomthetho: Ivumela ummangalelwa ukuthi abe nommeli avikele icala lakhe.
- Ilungelo lokwethula ubufakazi nofakazi: Inikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokunikeza ulwazi olusekelayo nobufakazi.
- Ilungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo: Ivumela ummangalelwa ukuthi aphikise isinqumo senkantolo ngokusebenzisa imigudu yokwahlulela ephakeme.
- Ilungelo lezinsizakalo zokuhumusha uma kudingeka: Ihlinzeka ngosizo lolimi kwabakhuluma okungezona isi-Arabhu ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala.
- Ukucatshangwa ukuthi umsulwa kuze kutholakale ukuthi unecala: Ummangalelwa uthathwa njengomsulwa ngaphandle uma icala labo litholakala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
Kuyini ukubulala okuhleliwe?
Ukubulala okuhlosiwe, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubulala kwezinga lokuqala noma ukubulala ngamabomu, kubhekisela ekubulaweni komuntu ngamabomu nokuhleliwe. Kuhilela isinqumo esinengqondo kanye nokuhlela kusengaphambili ukuthatha ukuphila komuntu. Lolu hlobo lokubulala ngokuvamile lubhekwa njengohlobo lokubulala olubi kakhulu, njengoba luhilela ububi obucatshangelwe kusengaphambili kanye nenhloso yangamabomu ukwenza lobu bugebengu.
Emacaleni okubulala okuhleliwe, umenzi wobubi uye wacabanga ngesenzo kusengaphambili, wenza amalungiselelo, futhi wabulala ngendlela ebaliwe. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuthola isikhali, ukuhlela isikhathi nendawo yobugebengu, noma ukuthatha izinyathelo zokufihla ubufakazi. Ukubulala okuhlosiwe kuhluka kwezinye izinhlobo zokubulala, njengokubulala ngokungenhloso noma ubugebengu benkanuko, lapho ukubulawa kungase kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokushisa noma ngaphandle kwesinqumo sangaphambili.
I-UAE ikusingatha kanjani ukubulala okuhleliwe, ukubulawa ngengozi?
Uhlelo lwezomthetho lwase-UAE luveza umehluko ocacile phakathi kokubulala okuhlosiwe kanye nokubulawa kwabantu ngengozi. Ukubulala okuhlosiwe kunesijeziso sokufa noma ukudilikelwa yijele uma inhloso ifakazelwa, kuyilapho ukubulala ngephutha kungase kubangele ukuncishiswa kwezigwebo, izinhlawulo, noma imali yegazi, kuye ngezici ezinciphisayo. Indlela ye-UAE emacaleni okubulala ihlose ukusekela ubulungiswa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isijeziso sihambisana nobukhulu bobugebengu, kuyilapho icabangela izimo ezithile futhi ivumela ukuqulwa kwecala kukho kokubili ukubulawa okuhlosiwe nokungahlosile.
