Ukuthumba nokuthumba kungamacala obugebengu abucayi ngaphansi kwemithetho yase-United Arab Emirates, njengoba ephula ilungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu lenkululeko nokuphepha komuntu siqu. I-UAE Federal Law No. 3 ka-1987 ku-Penal Code iveza izincazelo ezithile, izigaba, nezijeziso ezihlobene nalobu bugebengu. Izwe lithatha isinyathelo esiqinile ngokumelene nalawa macala, lihlose ukuvikela izakhamuzi zalo kanye nezakhamuzi ekuhlukumezekeni nasezingozini ezingase zibe khona ezihlobene nokuvalelwa esitokisini ngokungemthetho noma ukuthuthwa ngaphandle kwentando yomuntu. Ukuqonda imiphumela engokomthetho yokuthumba nokuthunjwa kubalulekile ekugcineni indawo evikelekile kanye nokugcina umthetho phakathi kwemiphakathi eyahlukene ye-UAE.

Ithini incazelo esemthethweni yokuthumba e-UAE?

Ngokwe-Athikili 347 ye-UAE Federal Law No. 3 ka-1987 ku-Penal Code, ukuthumba kuchazwa njengesenzo sokubopha, ukubopha, noma ukuphuca umuntu inkululeko yakhe siqu ngaphandle kwezizathu ezingokomthetho. Umthetho ucacisa ukuthi lokhu kuphucwa inkululeko okungekho emthethweni kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa amandla, ukukhohlisa, noma ukusongela, kungakhathaliseki ubude besikhathi noma izindlela ezisetshenziswa ukwenza isenzo.

Incazelo esemthethweni yokuthumba e-UAE ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezimo nezimo. Kuhlanganisa ukuthumba ngenkani noma ukuvalela umuntu othile ngaphandle kwentando yakhe, kanye nokuyenga noma ukumkhohlisa ukuze ambeke esimweni lapho ephucwa khona inkululeko yakhe. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omzimba, ukuphoqelela, noma ukukhohlisa kwengqondo ukuze kukhawulwe ukunyakaza noma inkululeko yomuntu kufanelekela njengokuthumba ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE. Icala lokuthumba liphelele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisulu siyiswa endaweni ehlukile noma sigcinwe endaweni efanayo, inqobo nje uma inkululeko yaso siqu ikhawulelwe ngokungekho emthethweni.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamacala okuthumba aziwa ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE?

Ikhodi Yenhlawulo ye-UAE ibona futhi ihlukanise ubugebengu bokuthumba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezinto nezimo ezithile. Nazi izinhlobo ezahlukene zobugebengu bokuthumba ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE:

Ukuthumba Okulula: Lokhu kubhekisela esenzweni esiyisisekelo sokuphuca umuntu inkululeko yakhe ngokungemthetho ngokusebenzisa amandla, ukukhohlisa, noma ukusongela, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezengeziwe ezimbi.
Ukuthumba Okubi: Lolu hlobo lubandakanya ukuthumba okuhambisana nezici eziba nzima ezifana nokusetshenziswa kodlame, ukuhlukumeza, noma ukulimaza isisulu, noma ukubandakanyeka kwabenzi bobubi abaningi.
Ukuthunjelwa Isihlengo: Lobu bugebengu buyenzeka lapho ukuthumba kwenziwa ngenhloso yokuthola isihlengo noma olunye uhlobo lwenzuzo yezezimali noma yezinto ezibonakalayo ukuze kudedelwe isisulu.
Ukuthumba Kwabazali: Lokhu kuhilela ukuthi omunye umzali athathe noma agcine ingane yakhe ngokungemthetho ekugcinweni noma ekunakekelweni ngomunye umzali, ephuca owakamuva amalungelo akhe angokomthetho ngengane.
Ukuthunjwa Kwezingane: Lokhu kubhekise ekuthunjweni kwezingane noma izingane, okuthathwa njengecala elinzima ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba sengozini kwabahlukunyeziwe.
Ukuthunjwa Kwezikhulu Zomphakathi noma Osomaqhinga: Ukuthunjwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, amanxusa, noma abanye abantu abanezikhundla ezisemthethweni kuthathwa njengecala elihlukile nelinzima ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE.

Uhlobo ngalunye lobugebengu bokuthumba lungase lube nezijeziso nezijeziso ezihlukene, nemiphumela enzima kakhulu ibekelwe amacala afaka izinto ezimbi kakhulu, udlame, noma ukuqondiswa kwabantu abasengozini njengezingane noma izikhulu.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamacala okuthumba nawokuthumba e-UAE?

Ngenkathi ukuthumba nokuthumba kungamacala ahlobene, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwalokhu okubili ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE. Nali ithebula eligqamisa ukuhluka:

aspect	ukuthumba	Ukuphangwa
Incazelo	Ukuphucwa ngokungemthetho inkululeko yomuntu ngokusebenzisa amandla, ukukhohlisa, noma ukusongela	Ukuthatha noma ukudluliswa komuntu ngokungemthetho ukusuka endaweni ethile kuye kwenye, ngaphandle kwentando yakhe
Movement	Akudingekile ngempela	Kubandakanya ukunyakaza noma ukuthuthwa kwesisulu
Ubude besikhathi	Kungaba okwanoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngisho nesikhashana	Ngokuvamile kusho isikhathi eside sokuvalelwa noma ukuboshwa
Inhloso	Kungaba ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, ezifaka isihlengo, ukulimaza, noma ukuphoqelela	Okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinhloso ezithile njengokuthumba, ukuxhashazwa ngokocansi, noma ukuvalelwa esitokisini okungekho emthethweni
Iminyaka Yezisulu	Kusebenza kuzisulu zanoma iyiphi iminyaka	Ezinye izinhlinzeko zikhuluma ngokuqondile nokuthunjwa kwezingane noma izingane
Izijeziso	Izijeziso zingahluka ngokusekelwe ezicini ezishubisayo, isimo sosulu, nezimo	Imvamisa inezinhlawulo ezinzima kunokuthumba okulula, ikakhulukazi ezimeni ezibandakanya izingane noma ukuxhashazwa ngokocansi

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba Ikhodi Yenhlawulo ye-UAE ihlukanisa phakathi kokuthumba nokuthumba, lawa macala avame ukugqagqana noma enzeka kanye kanye. Isibonelo, ukuthunjwa kungase kuhilele isenzo sokuqala sokuthumba ngaphambi kokuba isisulu sisuswe noma sithuthwe. Izindleko eziqondile nezijeziso zinqunywa ngokusekelwe ezimweni zecala ngalinye kanye nezinhlinzeko ezisebenzayo zomthetho.

Yiziphi izinyathelo ezivimbela ubugebengu bokuthumba kanye nokuthumba e-UAE?

I-UAE isebenzise izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuvimbela nokulwa nobugebengu bokuthumba nokuthumba ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo. Nazi ezinye zezinyathelo ezibalulekile:

Imithetho Eqinile Nezinhlawulo: I-UAE inemithetho eqinile ebeka izinhlawulo ezinzima zamacala okuthumba nokuthumba, okuhlanganisa nezigwebo ezinde ejele kanye nezinhlawulo. Lezi zijeziso eziqinile zisebenza njengesivimbelo sobugebengu obunjalo.
Ukugcinwa Komthetho Okuphelele: Izikhungo zomthetho ze-UAE, njengamaphoyisa nabezokuphepha, baqeqeshwe kahle futhi bakuhlomele ukuphendula izehlakalo zokuthumba nokuthumba ngokushesha nangempumelelo.
Ukubhekwa Okuthuthukile Nokuqapha: Izwe selitshale izimali ezinhlelweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokuqapha, okuhlanganisa amakhamera e-CCTV kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha, ukuze kulandelelwe futhi kubanjwe abenzi bobugebengu bokuthumba nokuthumba.
Imikhankaso yokuqwashisa umphakathi: Uhulumeni we-UAE kanye neziphathimandla ezifanele zenza imikhankaso yokuqwashisa umphakathi njalo ukuze zifundise izakhamuzi nezakhamuzi mayelana nezingozi nezindlela zokuvimbela ezihlobene nokuthumba nokuthunjwa.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe: I-UAE isebenzisana ngokugcwele nezikhungo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano ukuze kuliwe namacala okuthumba namacala okuthumba awela imingcele, kanye nokwenza lula ukubuyiselwa okuphephile kwezisulu.
Izinsizakalo Zokusekela Izisulu: I-UAE inikeza izinsizakalo zosekelo nezisetshenziswa kuzisulu zokuthunjwa nokuthunjwa, okuhlanganisa ukwelulekwa, usizo lwezomthetho, nezinhlelo zokubuyisela esimweni.
Ukwelulekwa Kokuhamba Nezinyathelo Zokuphepha: Uhulumeni ukhipha izeluleko zokuvakasha kanye nemihlahlandlela yokuphepha yezakhamuzi nezakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi lapho zivakashela izindawo noma amazwe asengozini enkulu, ukuze aqwashise futhi akhuthaze izinyathelo zokuphepha.
Ukuzibandakanya Komphakathi: Ama-ejensi okugcinwa komthetho asebenzisana eduze nemiphakathi yasendaweni ukukhuthaza ukuqapha, ukubika ngezenzo ezisolisayo, nokubambisana ekuvimbeleni nasekubhekaneni namacala okuthumba nokuthumba.

Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinyathelo ezibanzi, i-UAE ihlose ukudala indawo evikelekile futhi ivimbele abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ebugebengwini obunyantisayo obunjalo, ekugcineni ivikele ukuphepha nenhlalakahle yezakhamizi zayo kanye nezakhamuzi.

Yiziphi izijeziso zokuthumba e-UAE?

Ukuthumba kuthathwa njengobugebengu obunzima e-United Arab Emirates, futhi izinhlawulo zamacala anjalo zichazwe ku-Federal Decree-Law No. 31 of 2021 on the Issuance of the Crimes and Pennalties Law. Isijeziso sokuthumba siyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo kanye nezici ezithile ezihilelekile ecaleni.

Ngaphansi kwe-Athikili 347 ye-UAE Penal Code, isijeziso esiyisisekelo sokuthumba siwukuboshwa isikhathi esingeqile eminyakeni emihlanu. Nokho, uma ukuthumba kuhilela izimo ezimbi kakhulu, ezifana nokusebenzisa ubudlova, ukusongela, noma ukukhohlisa, isijeziso singaba nzima kakhulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umenzi wobubi angase abhekane nokugqunywa ejele isikhathi esifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi, futhi uma ukuthumba kuphumela ekufeni kwesisulu, isijeziso singaba ukudilikelwa yijele noma ngisho nesigwebo sentambo.

Ukwengeza, uma ukuthumba kubandakanya ingane (eneminyaka engaphansi kwe-18) noma umuntu okhubazekile, isijeziso sinzima nakakhulu. I-Athikili 348 ye-UAE Penal Code ithi ukuthumba ingane noma umuntu onokukhubazeka kujeziswe ngokuvalelwa ejele isikhathi esingekho ngaphansi kweminyaka eyisikhombisa. Uma ukuthumba kuholela ekufeni kwesisulu, umenzi wobubi angase abhekane nokudilikelwa yijele noma athole isigwebo sentambo.

Iziphathimandla zizibophezele ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwabo bonke abantu ezweni, futhi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuthumba noma lokuthumba kuthathwa njengecala elibi. Ngokungeziwe ezijezisweni ezingokomthetho, labo abalahlwe yicala lokuthumba bangase babhekane nemiphumela eyengeziwe, njengokuxoshwa kwabantu okungezona i-UAE kanye nokuthathwa kwanoma yiziphi izimpahla noma impahla ehlobene nobugebengu.

Iyini imiphumela engokomthetho yokuthumba kwabazali e-UAE?

I-United Arab Emirates inemithetho eqondile ekhuluma ngokuthumba kwabazali, okuthathwa njengecala elihlukile emacaleni avamile okuthumba izingane. Ukuthumba kwabazali kulawulwa yizinhlinzeko zoMthetho We-Federal No. 28 ka-2005 Wesimo Somuntu Siqu. Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, ukuthumba kwabazali kuchazwa njengesimo lapho umzali oyedwa ethatha noma egcina ingane ngokwephula amalungelo okukhulisa omunye umzali. Imiphumela yezenzo ezinjalo ingaba mibi kakhulu.

Okokuqala, umzali owonayo angase abhekane necala lokuthumba abazali. I-Athikili 349 ye-UAE Penal Code ithi umzali othumba noma ofihla ingane yakhe kumnakekeli osemthethweni angajeziswa ngokuvalelwa ejele isikhathi esifika eminyakeni emibili kanye nenhlawulo. Ukwengeza, izinkantolo ze-UAE zingakhipha ama-oda okubuyiselwa kwengane ngokushesha kumnakekeli osemthethweni. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela imiyalo enjalo kungaholela emiphumeleni yomthetho eyengeziwe, okuhlanganisa ukuboshwa okungaba khona noma izinhlawulo zokwedelela inkantolo.

Ezimeni zokuthunjwa kwabazali okubandakanya izici zamazwe ngamazwe, i-UAE ithobelana nemigomo ye-Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Izinkantolo zingakhipha isinqumo sokuthi ingane ibuyiselwe ezweni ehlala kulo uma ukuthunjwa kutholakala ukuthi kwephula imibandela yengqungquthela.

Yiziphi izijeziso zobugebengu bokuthunjwa kwezingane e-UAE?

Ukuthumba izingane kuyicala elibi e-UAE, elinesijeziso esinzima ngaphansi komthetho. Ngokwe-athikili 348 ye-UAE Penal Code, ukuthumba ingane (ongaphansi kweminyaka engu-18) kujeziswe ngokuvalelwa ejele isikhathi esincane seminyaka eyisikhombisa. Uma ukuthunjwa kubangela ukufa kwengane, umenzi wobubi angase abhekane nokudilikelwa yijele noma athole isigwebo sentambo.

Ukwengeza, labo abalahlwe yicala lokuthumba izingane bangase bakhokhiswe inhlawulo eshisiwe, ukushaqwa kwempahla, nokudingiswa kwabantu okungezona eze-UAE. I-UAE yamukela indlela yokungabubekezeli nhlobo ubugebengu obubhekiswe ezinganeni, okubonisa ukuzibophezela kwayo ekuvikeleni ukuphepha nokuphila kahle kwezingane.

Yiluphi usekelo olutholakalayo kuzisulu zokuthumba nemindeni yazo e-UAE?

I-United Arab Emirates iyawubona umthelela obuhlungu wokuthumba kuzisulu nemindeni yazo. Ngakho-ke, izinsiza ezahlukahlukene zokweseka kanye nezinsiza ziyatholakala ukuze zibasize ngesikhathi nangemuva kobunzima obunjalo.

Okokuqala, iziphathimandla ze-UAE zibeka phambili ukuphepha nokuphila kahle kwezisulu zokuthumba. Izikhungo zokugcinwa komthetho zisebenza ngokushesha nangenkuthalo ukuthola nokuhlenga izisulu, zisebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezikhona kanye nobuchule. Izikhungo ezeseka izisulu emaphoyiseni zihlinzeka ngosizo olusheshayo, ukwelulekwa ngokwengqondo, kanye neziqondiso kuzisulu nemindeni yazo ngesikhathi sophenyo kanye nenqubo yokululama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UAE inohulumeni abambalwa kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokweseka eziphelele kuzisulu zobugebengu, okuhlanganisa ukuthumba. Lezi zinsizakalo zingabandakanya ukwelulekwa ngokwengqondo, usizo lwezomthetho, usizo lwezezimali, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo zesikhathi eside. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Dubai Foundation Yabesifazane Nezingane kanye ne-Ewa'a Shelters for Izisulu Zokushushumbiswa Kwabantu zinikeza ukunakekelwa okukhethekile nokusekelwa okuhambisana nezidingo eziyingqayizivele zezisulu zokuthumba nemindeni yazo.

Ayini amalungelo abantu abasolwa ngokuthumba e-UAE?

Abantu abasolwa ngokuthumba e-United Arab Emirates banelungelo lamalungelo athile asemthethweni nokuvikelwa ngaphansi kwemithetho nomthethosisekelo we-UAE. Lawa malungelo ahlanganisa:

I-Presumption of Innocence: Abantu abasolwa ngokuthumba bathathwa njengabamsulwa kuze kube yilapho betholakala benecala yinkantolo.
Ilungelo Lokumelwa ngokomthetho: Abantu abasolwayo banelungelo lokumelwa ummeli abamthandayo noma lokuqokwa umbuso uma bengakwazi ukumela ummeli.
Ilungelo Lokuthola Inqubo: Isistimu yezomthetho ye-UAE iqinisekisa ilungelo lenqubo efanele, ehlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele nelomphakathi phakathi nesikhathi esiphusile.
Ilungelo Lokutolika: Abantu abasolwayo abangakhulumi noma abangasiqondi isi-Arabhu banelungelo lotolika ngesikhathi kuqhubeka icala.
Ilungelo Lokwethula Ubufakazi: Abantu abamangalelwe banelungelo lokwethula ubufakazi kanye nofakazi ekuzivikeleni kwabo ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala.
Ilungelo Lokudlulisa: Abantu abalahlwe amacala okuthumba banelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo nesigwebo enkantolo ephakeme.
Ilungelo Lokwelashwa Kwabantu: Abantu abasolwayo banelungelo lokuphathwa ngendlela enobuntu nangesithunzi, ngaphandle kokuhlushwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa, unya, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukuphathwa kabi.
Ilungelo Lobumfihlo Nokuvakasha Komndeni: Abantu abasolwayo banelungelo lobumfihlo kanye nelungelo lokuthola ukuvakashelwa amalungu omndeni wabo.

Abantu abamangalelwe kufanele bawazi amalungelo abo futhi bafune ummeli ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelekile kuyo yonke inqubo yezomthetho.

I-UAE iwasingatha kanjani amacala okuthumba amazwe ngamazwe abandakanya izakhamuzi zase-UAE?

Umthetho We-Federal Law we-UAE onguNombolo 38 ka-2006 Wokwengezwa Kwabantu Abamangalelwe Nabagwetshiwe unikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinqubo zokubuyisela ezimeni zokuthumba amazwe ngamazwe. Lo mthetho uvumela i-UAE ukuthi icele ukubuyiselwa kwangaphandle kwabantu abasolwa noma abalahlwe yicala lokuthumba isakhamuzi sase-UAE phesheya. Ukwengeza, i-Article 16 ye-UAE Penal Code inika amandla e-UAE amandla okulawula amacala enziwe kuzakhamuzi zayo ezingaphandle kwezwe, okuvumela ukushushiswa ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezomthetho lwe-UAE. I-UAE futhi isayine izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe eziningana, okuhlanganisa neNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Emelene Nokuthathwa Kwabathunjwa, esiza ukubambisana nosizo lwezomthetho emacaleni okuthumba awela imingcele. Le mithetho nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zinika amandla iziphathimandla ze-UAE ukuthi zithathe isinyathelo esisheshayo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi abenzi bokuthumba bamazwe ngamazwe babhekana nobulungiswa.