I-United Arab Emirates (UAE) inemithetho eqinile neziqondiso ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokufumbathisa nenkohlakalo. Ngomgomo wokungawabekezeleli lawa macala, izwe libeka izijeziso ezinzima kubantu nezinhlangano ezitholakala zinecala lokuzibandakanya ezenzweni eziphambene nomthetho. Imizamo yokulwa nenkohlakalo ye-UAE ihlose ukulondoloza ukubeka izinto obala, ukugcina umthetho, kanye nokugqugquzela isimo sebhizinisi esinobulungiswa kubo bonke ababambiqhaza. Ngokuthatha ukuma okuqinile ngokumelene nokufumbathisa nenkohlakalo, i-UAE ifuna ukuhlakulela ukwethembana, ukuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe, futhi izimise njengendawo ehamba phambili yebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke eyakhelwe phezu kwezimiso zokuziphendulela nokuziphatha okuhle.

Ithini incazelo yokufumbathisa ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE?

Ngaphansi kohlelo lwezomthetho lwe-UAE, ukufumbathisa kuchazwa kabanzi njengesenzo sokunikeza, ukuthembisa, ukunikeza, ukufuna ngenkani, noma ukwamukela inzuzo engafanele noma isisusa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ukuze umuntu enze okuthile noma agweme ukwenza okuthile. imisebenzi yabo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili izinhlobo ezisebenzayo nezingenzi lutho zokufumbathisa, ezibandakanya izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nabantu abazimele kanye nezinhlangano. Ukufumbathisa kungase kwenzeke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinkokhelo zemali, izipho, ezokuzijabulisa, nanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokwanelisa inhloso ehloselwe ukuba nomthelela ongemuhle esinqumweni noma izenzo zomamukeli.

I-Federal Penal Code yase-UAE kanye neminye imithetho efanele ihlinzeka ngohlaka olubanzi lokuchaza kanye nokubhekana nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokufumbathisa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amacala afana nokugwazisa kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni, ukugwazisa ezinkampanini ezizimele, ukufumbathisa izikhulu zikahulumeni zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokukhokhwa kwemali ngendlela elula. Imithetho iphinde ihlanganise namacala ahlobene afana nokukhwabanisa, ukusebenzisa kabi amandla, ukushushumbisa imali, kanye nokuhweba ngamathonya, okuvamise ukuhlangana namacala okufumbathisa nenkohlakalo. Ngokuphawulekayo, umthetho we-UAE omelene nokufumbathisa awusebenzi kubantu ngabanye kuphela kodwa nasezinkampaneni nezinye izinhlangano ezisemthethweni, uzibophezele ngezenzo zenkohlakalo. Iphinde ihlose ukugcina ubuqotho, ukubeka izinto obala, kanye nokuziphendulela kuyo yonke imikhakha, kugqugquzelwe isimo sebhizinisi esinobulungiswa nesinokuziphatha okuhle sibe sithuthukisa ukubusa okuhle kanye nomthetho.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zokufumbathisa ezibonwa e-UAE?

Uhlobo Lokugwazisa	Incazelo
Ukugwazelwa Kwezikhulu Zomphakathi	Ukunikeza noma ukwamukela ukufumbathisa ukuze kuthonye izenzo noma izinqumo zezikhulu zikahulumeni, okuhlanganisa ongqongqoshe, amajaji, izikhulu zomthetho, nezisebenzi zikahulumeni.
Ukugwazisa Emkhakheni Ozimele	Ukunikeza noma ukwamukela izifumbathiso kumongo wemisebenzi yezentengiselwano noma ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi, okubandakanya abantu abazimele noma amabhizinisi.
Ukugwazelwa Kwezikhulu Zomphakathi Zangaphandle	Ukugwazisa izikhulu zikahulumeni zangaphandle noma izikhulu zezinhlangano zomphakathi zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze zithole noma zigcine ibhizinisi noma inzuzo engafanele.
Izinkokhelo Zokusiza	Izinkokhelo ezincane ezingekho emthethweni ezenziwe ukuze kusheshiswe noma kuvikelwe ukusebenza kwezenzo zikahulumeni ezivamile noma amasevisi lowo okhokhayo anegunya lawo ngokomthetho.
Ukuhweba Ngethonya	Ukunikeza noma ukwamukela inzuzo engafanele ukuze ibe nomthelela ohlelweni lokuthatha izinqumo lwesikhulu sikahulumeni noma isiphathimandla.
I-Embezzlement	Ukusetshenziswa budedengu noma ukudluliswa kwempahla noma izimali eziphathiswe ukunakekela komuntu ukuze kuzuze yena.
Ukusebenzisa kabi Amandla	Ukusetshenziswa ngokungafanele kwesikhundla esisemthethweni noma igunya ukuze kuzuze umuntu noma kuzuzise abanye.
Ukuhlukana Kwemali	Inqubo yokufihla noma yokufihla umsuka wemali noma izimpahla ezitholwe ngokungekho emthethweni.

Imithetho ye-UAE emelene nokufumbathisa ihlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwezenzo zenkohlakalo, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokufumbathisa namacala ahlobene ziyabhekwana futhi zijeziswe ngokufanele, kungakhathaliseki umongo noma amaqembu ahilelekile.

Yiziphi izinhlinzeko ezibalulekile zomthetho we-UAE wokulwa nokufumbathisa?

Nazi izinhlinzeko ezibalulekile zomthetho we-UAE omelene nokufumbathisa:

Incazelo ebanzi ehlanganisa ukufumbathisa komphakathi nokuyimfihlo: Umthetho uhlinzeka ngencazelo ebanzi yokufumbathisa ehlanganisa zombili izinhlaka zikahulumeni nezizimele, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhuba yenkohlakalo kunoma iyiphi ingqikithi iyabhekwa.
Ibeka icala ukufumbathisa okusebenzayo nokungenzi lutho, okuhlanganisa nezikhulu zakwamanye amazwe: Umthetho wenza kube yicala kokubili isenzo sokufumbathisa (ukufumbathisa okusebenzayo) kanye nesenzo sokwamukela ukufunjathiswa (ukufumbathisa okwenziwayo), okunweba ukufinyelela kwakho ezimweni ezihilela izikhulu zikahulumeni zakwamanye amazwe.
Inqabela ukukhokha kokugqugquzela noma "okugcotshwa": Umthetho uyakwenqabela ukukhokhwa kwezimali ezincane ezingekho emthethweni, ezaziwa ngokuthi izinkokhelo zokulekelela noma “zamafutha,” ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukusheshisa izenzo noma amasevisi kahulumeni avamile.
Izijeziso ezinzima njengokuboshwa nezinhlawulo ezinkulu: Umthetho ubeka izinhlawulo eziqinile zamacala okufumbathisa, okuhlanganisa ukugwetshwa isikhathi eside ejele kanye nezinhlawulo zemali ezinkulu, ezisebenza njengesivimbelo esiqinile ezenzweni zenkohlakalo ezinjalo.
Isibopho sebhizinisi samacala okufumbathisa abasebenzi/i-ejenti: Umthetho uthwesa izinhlangano icala ngamacala okugwazisa enziwa abasebenzi noma ama-ejenti azo, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani zigcina izinhlelo zokuthobelana eziqinile zokulwa nokufumbathisa futhi zisebenzisa ubuqotho.
Ukufinyelela okungaphandle kwezizwe ze-UAE/izakhamuzi zaphesheya: Umthetho unweba amandla awo ukuze umboze amacala okufumbathisa enziwe abantu base-UAE noma izakhamuzi ezingaphandle kwezwe, okuvumela ukushushiswa noma ngabe icala lenzeka phesheya.
Ukuvikelwa kombiko wokukhuthaza ukubika: Umthetho uhlanganisa izinhlinzeko zokuvikela ababi ababika izehlakalo zokugwazisa noma zenkohlakalo, ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba beze nolwazi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.
Ukuthathwa kwezimali ezitholakala ngokugwazisa: Umthetho uvumela ukushaqwa nokutholwa kwanoma iyiphi inzuzo noma impahla etholwe emacaleni okufumbathisa, uqinisekisa ukuthi labo abahileleke ezenzweni zenkohlakalo abakwazi ukuzuza ezinzuzweni zabo ezingekho emthethweni.
Izinhlelo zokuthobela eziyisibopho zezinhlangano ze-UAE: Umthetho ugunyaza ukuthi izinhlangano ezisebenza e-UAE zenze izinhlelo zokuthobelana eziqinile ezimelene nokufumbathisa, okuhlanganisa izinqubomgomo, izinqubo, nokuqeqeshwa, ukuze kuvinjelwe futhi zithole ukufumbathisa.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ekuphenyeni/ukushushisa ngokufumbathisa: Umthetho wenza kube lula ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokusizana ngokomthetho ekuphenyweni kokugwazisa kanye nokushushiswa, okwenza ukubambisana okunqamula imingcele kanye nokwabelana ngolwazi ukuze kuliwe namacala okufumbathisa aphesheya ngempumelelo.

Yiziphi izijeziso zamacala okufumbathisa e-UAE?

I-United Arab Emirates ithatha indlela yokungabekezeli nhlobo ukufumbathisa nenkohlakalo, enezinhlawulo eziqinile ezichazwe ku-Federal Decree-Law No. . Imiphumela yamacala okufumbathisa mibi futhi iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwecala kanye nabathintekayo.

Ukugwazisa Okubandakanya Izikhulu Zikahulumeni

Isikhathi sokuboshwa
- Ukufuna, ukwamukela, noma ukwamukela izipho, izinzuzo, noma izithembiso ngokushintshanisa ukwenza, ukweqa, noma ukwephula imisebenzi esemthethweni kungaholela esigwegweni sesikhashana sokugqunywa ejele esisukela eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kweyi-15 (Izihloko 275-278).
- Ubude besikhathi sokuboshwa buncike ebucayini becala kanye nezikhundla eziphethwe abantu abahililekile.
Izinhlawulo Zezezimali
- Ngaphezu kwalokho noma njengenye indlela yokuboshwa, kungabekwa izinhlawulo ezinkulu.
- Lezi zinhlawulo zivame ukubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini lokufumbathisa noma njengempinda yenani lokufumbathisa.

Ukugwazisa Emkhakheni Ozimele

Ukufumbathisa Okusebenzayo (Ukufumbathisa)
- Ukunikeza isifumbathiso embonini ezimele kuyicala elijeziswayo, elithwala isikhathi esingaba sejele esingafika eminyakeni emi-5 (Isihloko sama-283).
Ukufumbathisa Okungenzi lutho (Ukwamukela Ukufumbathisa)
- Ukwamukela ukufumbathiswa embonini ezimele kungaholela ekuboshweni iminyaka emi-3 (Isihloko sama-284).

Imiphumela Eyengeziwe Nezinhlawulo

Ukuthathwa Kwempahla
- Iziphathimandla ze-UAE zinamandla okushaqa noma yiziphi izimpahla noma impahla ethathwe noma esetshenziswe ekwenziweni kwamacala okufumbathisa (I-athikili 285).
Ukwehliswa kanye nokufakwa ohlwini lwabamnyama
- Abantu ngabanye nezinkampani ezitholwe zinecala lokugwazisa zingase zibhekane nokuhoxiswa ekubambeni iqhaza ezinkontilekeni zikahulumeni noma zivinjelwe ekuqhubeni ibhizinisi e-UAE.
Izijeziso Zebhizinisi
- Izinkampani ezibandakanyeka emacaleni okufumbathisa zingabhekana nezijeziso ezinzima, ezihlanganisa ukumiswa noma ukuhoxiswa kwamalayisensi ebhizinisi, ukuchithwa, noma ukubekwa ngaphansi kokugadwa yinkantolo.
Izinhlawulo Ezengeziwe Zomuntu Ngamunye
- Abantu abalahlwe amacala okufumbathisa bangase babhekane nezijeziso ezengeziwe, ezinjengokulahlekelwa amalungelo abantu, ukuvinjelwa ukuphatha izikhundla ezithile, noma ukudingiswa kwabantu okungezona i-UAE.

Ukuma okuqinile kwe-UAE emacaleni okufumbathisa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugcina izinqubo zebhizinisi ezilungile kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo nezinqubo eziqinile zokulwa nenkohlakalo. Ukufuna iseluleko sezomthetho nokuthobela izindinganiso eziphakeme zobuqotho kubalulekile kubantu ngabanye nasezinhlanganweni ezisebenza e-UAE.

I-UAE ilusingatha kanjani uphenyo nokushushiswa kwamacala okufumbathisa?

I-United Arab Emirates isungule amayunithi akhethekile alwa nenkohlakalo ngaphakathi kwezikhungo zomthetho, njenge-Dubai Public Prosecution kanye noMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-Abu Dhabi, obhekele ukuphenya izinsolo zokugwazisa. Lawa mayunithi aqasha abaphenyi nabashushisi abaqeqeshiwe abasebenza eduze namayunithi obuhlakani bezezimali, izinhlangano ezilawulayo, nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Banamandla abanzi okuqoqa ubufakazi, bashaqe izimpahla, bamise ama-akhawunti asebhange, futhi bathole imibhalo namarekhodi afanele.

Uma sekuqoqwe ubufakazi obanele, icala lidluliselwa eHhovisi Lezokushushiswa Komphakathi, okuyilona elicubungula ubufakazi bese lithatha isinqumo sokuthi liyawalandela yini amacala obugebengu. Abashushisi e-UAE bazimele futhi banegunya lokuletha amacala ezinkantolo. Uhlelo lwezokwahlulela lwe-UAE lulandela izinqubo zomthetho eziqinile, ukuthobela izimiso zenqubo efanele kanye nokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele, abamangalelwa abanelungelo lokumelwa ngokomthetho nethuba lokuveza ukuzivikela kwabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Amabhuku Sikahulumeni (i-SAI) sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqapheni nasekuhloleni ama-ejensi kahulumeni kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezimali zomphakathi. Uma kutholakala izigameko zokugwazisa noma zokusebenzisa kabi izimali zomphakathi, i-SAI ingadlulisela udaba kuziphathimandla ezifanele ukuze kuqhutshekwe nophenyo kanye nokushushiswa okungenzeka.

Yiziphi izivikelo ezitholakalayo zezindleko zokugwazisa ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE?

Ngaphansi kohlaka lwezomthetho lwe-UAE, abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi abhekene nezindleko zokugwazisa angase abe nokuzivikela okuningana atholakalayo kubo, kuye ngezimo ezithile zecala. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela ezingase ziphakanyiswe:

Ukungabi nenhloso noma ulwazi
- Ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi bebengenayo inhloso noma ulwazi oludingekayo lokwenza icala lokugwazisa.
- Lokhu kuzivikela kungasebenza uma ummangalelwa engabonisa ukuthi wenze ngaphandle kokuqonda uhlobo lwangempela lomsebenzi noma ukuthi ubengazi ngobukhona bokufumbathisa.
Ukuphoqa noma Ukuphoqelela
- Uma ummangalelwa engafakazela ukuthi ubecindezelwe noma ephoqwe ukuba amukele noma akhiphe isifumbathiso, lokhu kungase kube ukuzivikela.
- Kodwa-ke, umthwalo wobufakazi bokuqinisekisa ukucindezelwa noma ukuphoqelela ngokuvamile uphakeme, futhi ummangalelwa kufanele anikeze ubufakazi obubambekayo ukuze asekele lesi simangalo.
Ukungena
- Ezimeni lapho ummangalelwa ayengelwa khona noma abanjelwe ekwenzeni icala lokufumbathisa yiziphathimandla zomthetho noma izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukuzivikela okungase kusetshenziswe.
- Ummangalelwa kumele akhombise ukuthi babengenakho ukuthambekela ekwenzeni icala futhi babe ngaphansi kwengcindezi engafanele noma ukunxenxwa yiziphathimandla.
Iphutha Leqiniso noma Umthetho
- Ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi benze iphutha langempela leqiniso noma umthetho, okuholela ekubeni bakholelwe ukuthi izenzo zabo zazingekho emthethweni.
- Lokhu kuvikela kuyinselele ukusungula, njengoba imithetho ye-UAE emelene nokufumbathisa isakazwa kabanzi futhi yaziwa kakhulu.
Ukwentuleka Kwegunya
- Ezimeni ezibandakanya izici eziwela umngcele, ummangalelwa angase abekele inselele amandla e-UAE phezu kwecala elisolwayo.
- Lokhu kuvikela kungase kusebenze uma icala lokufumbathisa lenzeka ngaphandle kwendawo ethile ye-UAE.
Isitatimende Semikhawulo
- Ngokuya ngecala elithile lokufumbathisa kanye nesimiso esisebenzayo semikhawulo ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi ukushushiswa kuvinjelwe isikhathi futhi akukwazi ukuqhubeka.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukutholakala nempumelelo yalezi zindlela zokuzivikela kuzoncika ezimweni ezithile zecala ngalinye kanye nobufakazi obuveziwe. Abamangalelwa ababhekene namacala okufumbathisa e-UAE bayelulekwa ukuthi bafune izeluleko zezomthetho kubameli abanolwazi abajwayelene nemithetho ye-UAE emelene nokufumbathisa kanye nesistimu yezomthetho.

Usebenza kanjani umthetho we-UAE wokulwa nokufumbathisa ezinkampanini namabhizinisi ase-UAE?

Imithetho ye-UAE emelene nokufumbathisa, okuhlanganisa ne-Federal Decree-Law No. 31 of 2021 on the Issued of the Crimes and Pennalties Law, isebenza ezinkampaneni nakumabhizinisi asebenza ngaphakathi kwezwe. Izinkampani zingathweswa icala lobugebengu ngamacala okufumbathisa enziwa abasebenzi bazo, ama-ejenti, noma abamele inkampani.

Isibopho sebhizinisi singavela lapho icala lokugwazisa lenziwa ukuze kuzuze inkampani, ngisho noma abaphathi noma ubuholi benkampani bebengazi ngokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni. Izinkampani zingabhekana nezijeziso ezinzima, ezihlanganisa izinhlawulo ezinkulu, ukumiswa noma ukuhoxiswa kwamalayisensi ebhizinisi, ukuchithwa, noma ukubekwa ngaphansi kokugadwa yinkantolo.

Ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi, amabhizinisi e-UAE kulindeleke ukuthi asebenzise izinqubomgomo eziqinile zokulwa nokufumbathisa nenkohlakalo, aphathe ngokucophelela abaxhumanisi bezinkampani zangaphandle, futhi anikeze ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile kubasebenzi mayelana nokuthobela imithetho emelene nokufumbathisa. Ukwehluleka ukugcina ukulawulwa okwanele kwangaphakathi kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela kungabeka izinkampani emiphumeleni ebalulekile yezomthetho nedumela.