Ubugebengu bokweba yicala elinzima e-United Arab Emirates, kanti uhlelo lwezomthetho lwezwe luthatha isinyathelo esiqinile ngokumelene nezenzo ezinjalo ezingekho emthethweni. Ikhodi yenhlawulo ye-UAE iveza imithetho ecacile nezinhlawulo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokweba, okuhlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukugqekeza okukhulu, ukugebenga, nokugqekeza. Le mithetho ihlose ukuvikela amalungelo nezakhiwo zabantu ngabanye namabhizinisi, kuyilapho futhi iqinisekisa umphakathi ovikelekile nohlelekile. Ngokuzibophezela kwe-UAE ekugcineni umthetho nokuhleleka, ukuqonda imithetho ethile nemiphumela ehlobene nobugebengu bokweba kubalulekile kubahlali nezivakashi ngokufanayo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene zobugebengu bokweba ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-UAE?
- Ukwebiwa Okuncane (I-Misdemeanor): Ukweba okuncane, okubuye kwaziwe njengokweba okuncane, kuhilela ukuthatha okungagunyaziwe kwempahla noma izinto ezinenani eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Lolu hlobo lokweba ngokuvamile lubhekwa njengesenzo esingalungile ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE.
- Grand Larceny (Felony): Inkohlakalo enkulu, noma ukweba okukhulu, kubhekisela ekuthathweni kwempahla noma izimpahla zenani elibalulekile ngokungemthetho. Lokhu kuthathwa njengecala elibi futhi kunezijeziso ezinzima kunokweba izinto ezincane.
- Ubusela: Ukugebenga kuchazwa njengesenzo sokuthatha impahla komunye umuntu ngenkani, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobudlova, ukusongela, noma ukwesabisa. Lobu bugebengu buthathwa njengecala elibi ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE.
- Ukugqekeza: Ukugqekeza kubandakanya ukungena ngokungemthetho esakhiweni noma ezakhiweni ngenhloso yokwenza ubugebengu, obufana nokweba. Leli cala libhekwa njengecala futhi lijeziswa ngokuboshwa kanye nenhlawulo.
- Ukukhwabanisa: Ukuxhashazwa kubhekisela ekwabiweni kwemali ngomgunyathi noma ekusetshenzisweni budedengu kwezimpahla noma izimali ngumuntu othile eziphathiswe kuye. Lobu bugebengu bujwayele ukuhambisana nokweba emsebenzini noma ezikhungweni zezimali.
- Ukwebiwa Kwezimoto: Ukuthatha noma ukweba imoto okungagunyaziwe, njengemoto, isithuthuthu, noma iloli, kusho ukweba imoto. Leli cala lithathwa njengecala ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE.
- Ukwebiwa Kwemazisi: Ukwebiwa komazisi kubandakanya ukutholwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi lomuntu siqu olungekho emthethweni, njengegama lakhe, umazisi, noma imininingwane yezezimali, ngezinjongo zokukhwabanisa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubukhali besijeziso salezi zenzo zobugebengu zokweba ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE bungahluka kuye ngezinto ezifana nenani lempahla entshontshiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla noma udlame, nokuthi ingabe icala liyicala lokuqala noma eliphindiwe. .
Amacala okweba aphathwa futhi ashushiswa kanjani e-UAE, Dubai naseSharjah?
I-United Arab Emirates inekhodi yenhlawulo yenhlangano elawula amacala okweba kuwo wonke ama-emirates. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nendlela amacala okweba aphathwa ngayo futhi ashushiswe ngayo e-UAE:
Ubugebengu bokweba e-UAE bulawulwa yi-Federal Penal Code (Federal Law No. 3 of 1987), esebenza ngokufanayo kuwo wonke ama-emirates, okuhlanganisa i-Dubai ne-Sharjah. Ikhodi yenhlawulo iveza izinhlobo ezahlukene zamacala okweba, njengokweba izinto ezincane, ukukhwabanisa okukhulu, ukugebenga, ukugqekeza, kanye nokukhwabanisa, kanye nezijeziso zazo. Ukubika nokuphenywa kwamacala okweba ngokuvamile kuqala ngokufaka isikhalazo kuziphathimandla zamaphoyisa endawo. E-Dubai, uMnyango Wokuphenya Ngobugebengu Wamaphoyisa ase-Dubai uphatha amacala anjalo, kuyilapho e-Sharjah, uMnyango Wokuphenya Ngobugebengu Wamaphoyisa eSharjah unesibopho.
Uma amaphoyisa esebuqoqile ubufakazi bese ephothula uphenyo lwawo, icala lidluliselwa eHhovisi lezokuShushiswa koMphakathi ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuqhubeka. E-Dubai, leli yiHhovisi Lokushushiswa Komphakathi lase-Dubai, futhi e-Sharjah, yiHhovisi Lokushushiswa Komphakathi laseSharjah. Umshushisi uyobe esethula icala phambi kwezinkantolo ezifanele. E-Dubai, amacala okweba aqulwa yiZinkantolo ZaseDubai, ezihlanganisa iNkantolo YokuQala, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala, kanye neNkantolo Yomthetho. Ngokufanayo, e-Sharjah, uhlelo lweziNkantolo zaseSharjah lusingatha amacala okweba ngokulandela isakhiwo esifanayo sohlelo.
Izijeziso zobugebengu bokweba e-UAE zivezwe ku-Federal Penal Code futhi zingabandakanya ukuboshwa, izinhlawulo, kanye, kwezinye izimo, nokudingiswa kwabantu okungezona i-UAE. Ubukhulu besijeziso buncike ezicini ezifana nenani lempahla entshontshiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla noma udlame, kanye nokuthi ingabe icala liyicala lokuqala noma eliphindaphindiwe.
I-UAE iwasingatha kanjani amacala okweba abandakanya abantu bangaphandle noma abantu bangaphandle?
Imithetho ye-UAE mayelana nobugebengu bokweba isebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izakhamizi zase-Emirati nabangaphandle noma abantu bangaphandle abahlala noma abavakashela izwe. Izizwe zakwamanye amazwe ezithweswe amacala okweba zizodlula enqubweni yezomthetho efanayo neyezizwe zase-Emirati, okuhlanganisa uphenyo, ukushushiswa, nezinqubo zasenkantolo njengokusho kwe-Federal Penal Code.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwezinhlawulo ezivezwe kukhodi yenhlawulo, njengokuboshwa nenhlawulo, abangaphandle noma abantu bangaphandle abalahlwe amacala obugebengu abucayi bangase babhekane nokuxoshwa e-UAE. Lesi sici ngokuvamile singokokubona kwenkantolo kanye neziphathimandla ezifanele ngokusekelwe ebucayini becala kanye nezimo zomuntu. Kubalulekile ukuthi abangaphandle kanye nabangaphandle e-UAE bazi futhi bahambisane nemithetho yezwe mayelana nobugebengu nobugebengu bezakhiwo. Noma yikuphi ukwephulwa komthetho kungaholela emiphumeleni yomthetho engathi sína, okuhlanganisa ukuboshwa okungase kube khona, izinhlawulo ezinzima, nokudingiswa, okunomthelela ekhonweni labo lokuphila nokusebenza e-UAE.
Yiziphi izijeziso zezinhlobo ezahlukene zobugebengu bokweba e-UAE?
| Uhlobo Lobugebengu Bokweba | Ziyisijeziso |
|---|---|
| Ukwebiwa Okuncane (Impahla ebiza ngaphansi kwe-AED 3,000) | Ukuboshwa kufika ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 kanye/noma izinhlawulo ezifika ku-AED 5,000 |
| Ukwebiwa Kwesisebenzi noma Isisebenzi | Ukuboshwa iminyaka emi-3 kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 10,000 |
| Ukweba Ngokukhwabanisela noma Ngokukhwabanisa | Ukuboshwa iminyaka emi-3 kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 10,000 |
| Grand Theft (Impahla ebiza ngaphezu kwe-AED 3,000) | Ukuboshwa iminyaka emi-7 kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 30,000 |
| Ukweba Okubi (Okufaka udlame noma usongo lodlame) | Ukuboshwa iminyaka emi-10 kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 50,000 |
| Ukugqekeza | Ukuboshwa iminyaka emi-10 kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 50,000 |
| Ukuphanga | Ukuboshwa iminyaka emi-15 kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 200,000 |
| Ukwebiwa Kwemininingwane | Izijeziso ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo ezithile kanye nezinga lobugebengu, kodwa zingabandakanya ukuboshwa kanye/noma izinhlawulo. |
| Ukwebiwa Kwezimoto | Ngokuvamile iphathwa njengohlobo lokweba olukhulu, nezinhlawulo ezihlanganisa ukuboshwa kuze kufike eminyakeni engu-7 kanye/noma izinhlawulo ezifika ku-AED 30,000. |
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zijeziso zisekelwe ku-UAE Federal Penal Code, futhi isigwebo sangempela singahluka kuye ngezimo ezithile zecala, njengenani lempahla entshontshiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla noma udlame, nokuthi icala yicala lokuqala noma eliphindiwe. Ukwengeza, abangaphandle noma abantu bakwamanye amazwe abalahlwe amacala obugebengu abucayi bangabhekana nokuxoshwa e-UAE.
Ukuze umuntu azivikele yena kanye nempahla yakhe, kutuswa ukuba asebenzise izinyathelo zokuphepha, avikele imininingwane yomuntu siqu neyezimali, asebenzise izindlela zokukhokha ezivikelekile, enze ubuqotho ekuhwebeni kwezezimali, futhi abike ngokushesha noma yimaphi amacala okusolwa okukhwabanisa noma okweba eziphathimandleni.
Ingabe isistimu yezomthetho ye-UAE ihlukanisa kanjani ukweba okuncane kanye nezinhlobo ezinzima zokweba?
I-Federal Penal Code yase-UAE ihlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kokweba okuncane kanye nezinhlobo zobugebengu ezinzima kakhulu ngokusekelwe enanini lempahla entshontshiwe kanye nezimo ezihambisana nobugebengu. Ukweba okuncane, okubuye kwaziwe njengokweba okuncane, ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuthathwa okungagunyaziwe kwempahla noma impahla yenani eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (ngaphansi kuka-AED 3,000). Lokhu ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengecala elingalungile futhi kunezinhlawulo ezilula, njengokuvalelwa ejele kufika ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 5,000.
Ngokuphambene, izinhlobo ezinzima zokweba, ezifana nenkohlakalo enkulu noma ukweba okubi kakhulu, zibandakanya ukuthathwa kwempahla noma izimpahla zenani elibalulekile okungekho emthethweni (ngaphezulu kuka-AED 3,000) noma ukusetshenziswa kodlame, ukusongela, noma ukusabisa ngesikhathi sokweba. Lawa macala athathwa njengamacala ngaphansi komthetho we-UAE futhi angaholela ezijezisweni ezinzima, okuhlanganisa ukugqunywa ejele iminyaka eminingana kanye nezinhlawulo ezinkulu. Isibonelo, ukweba okukhulu kungaholela ekuboshweni iminyaka eyisikhombisa kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 30,000, kuyilapho ukweba okubi okuhlanganisa udlame kungaholela ekuboshweni iminyaka eyishumi kanye/noma inhlawulo efinyelela ku-AED 50,000.
Umehluko phakathi kobugebengu obuncane kanye nezinhlobo ezinzima zobugebengu ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwe-UAE usekelwe esisekelweni sokuthi ubucayi bobugebengu nomthelela wabo kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe kufanele kubonakale ebucayi besijeziso. Le ndlela yokwenza ihlose ukugcina ukulingana phakathi kokunqanda izenzo zobugebengu kanye nokuqinisekisa imiphumela enobulungiswa nelinganayo kubaphuli mthetho.
Ayini amalungelo abantu abasolwa emacaleni okweba e-UAE?
E-UAE, abantu abasolwa ngobugebengu bokweba banelungelo lamalungelo athile omthetho nokuvikelwa ngaphansi komthetho. Lawa malungelo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele kanye nenqubo efanele. Amanye amalungelo ayisihluthulelo abantu abamangalelwa emacaleni okweba ahlanganisa ilungelo lokumelwa ngokomthetho, ilungelo lotolika uma kudingeka, nelungelo lokwethula ubufakazi nofakazi ababavikelayo.
Uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lwe-UAE luphinde luphakamise umgomo wokucatshangwa ukuthi umsulwa, okusho ukuthi abantu abamangalelwe bathathwa njengabamsulwa kuze kube yilapho betholakala benecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ngesikhathi sophenyo kanye nenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, abomthetho kanye neziphathimandla zokwahlulela kufanele zilandele izinqubo ezifanele futhi zihloniphe amalungelo ommangalelwa, njengelungelo lokuzithwesa icala kanye nelungelo lokwaziswa ngamacala abathweswe wona.
Ukwengeza, abantu abasolwayo banelungelo lokudlulisa icala kunoma ikuphi ukulahlwa yicala noma isigwebo esinikezwe inkantolo uma bekholelwa ukuthi kube nokuphulwa komthetho noma uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Inqubo yokudlulisa amacala ihlinzeka ngethuba lokuthi inkantolo ephakeme ibuyekeze leli cala futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kwaqhutshwa ngendlela efanele futhi ngokuhambisana nomthetho.
Ingabe zikhona izijeziso ezahlukene zobugebengu bokweba e-UAE ngaphansi komthetho we-Sharia kanye ne-Penal Code?
I-United Arab Emirates ilandela uhlelo lwezomthetho olukabili, lapho kokubili umthetho we-Sharia kanye ne-Federal Penal Code kusebenza khona. Nakuba umthetho we-Sharia usetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zesimo somuntu siqu namacala athile obugebengu ahilela amaSulumane, i-Federal Penal Code iwumthombo oyinhloko wemithetho elawula amacala obugebengu, okuhlanganisa nobugebengu bokweba, kuzo zonke izakhamuzi nezakhamuzi zase-UAE. Ngaphansi komthetho we-Sharia, isijeziso sokweba (esaziwa ngokuthi “sariqah”) singahluka kuye ngezimo ezithile zobugebengu kanye nokuchazwa kwezazi zezomthetho zamaSulumane. Ngokuvamile, umthetho we-Sharia ubeka izijeziso ezinzima zokweba, njengokunqunywa kwesandla ngenxa yamacala aphindaphindiwe. Nokho, lezi zijeziso azivamile ukusetshenziswa e-UAE, njengoba isistimu yezomthetho yezwe ngokuyinhloko incike ku-Federal Penal Code ezindabeni zobugebengu.
I-Federal Penal Code ye-UAE iveza izijeziso ezithile zezinhlobo ezahlukene zobugebengu bokweba, kusukela ebugebengwini obuncane kuya ebugqilini obukhulu, ukugebenga, kanye nokweba okubi kakhulu. Lezi zijeziso ngokuvamile zibandakanya ukuboshwa kanye/noma izinhlawulo, ngobukhulu besijeziso kuye ngezici ezifana nenani lempahla entshontshiwe, ukusetshenziswa kodlame noma amandla, kanye nokuthi icala elokuqala noma liphindaphindwa yini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba uhlelo lwezomthetho lwe-UAE lusekelwe kuzo zombili izimiso ze-Sharia nemithetho ehlanganisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezijeziso ze-Sharia ngamacala okweba kuyivelakancane kakhulu ekusebenzeni. I-Federal Penal Code isebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko womthetho wokushushisa nokujezisa amacala okweba, ihlinzeka ngohlaka olubanzi oluhambisana nezinqubo zomthetho zesimanje kanye nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithini inqubo yezomthetho yokubika amacala okweba e-UAE?
Isinyathelo sokuqala senqubo yezomthetho yokubika amacala okweba e-UAE ukufaka isikhalazo kuziphathimandla zamaphoyisa endawo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuvakashela isiteshi samaphoyisa esiseduze noma ukubathinta ngezinombolo zabo zocingo oluphuthumayo. Kubalulekile ukubika isigameko ngokushesha futhi unikeze imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka, okuhlanganisa incazelo yezinto ezintshontshiwe, cishe isikhathi nendawo yokwebiwa, nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obungase bube khona noma ofakazi.
Uma isikhalo sesifakiwe, amaphoyisa azoqala uphenyo ngaleli cala. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuqoqa ubufakazi endaweni yobugebengu, ukuxoxisana nofakazi abangaba, kanye nokubuyekeza izithombe zokugada uma zikhona. Amaphoyisa angaphinda acele ulwazi olwengeziwe noma imibhalo kummangali ukuze asize ophenyweni lwawo. Uma uphenyo luveza ubufakazi obanele, icala lizodluliselwa eHhovisi Lezokushushiswa Komphakathi ukuze kuqhutshekwe nezinyathelo zomthetho. Umshushisi uzobuyekeza ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi zikhona yini izizathu zokumangalela um(aba) abasolwa ngamacala. Uma amacala efakwe, icala lizoqhubeka liqulwe enkantolo.
Ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwamacala enkantolo, bobabili abashushisi kanye nabavikeli bayoba nethuba lokwethula izimpikiswano zabo kanye nobufakazi phambi kwejaji noma ithimba lamajaji. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokumelwa ngokomthetho futhi angaphonsa imibuzo nofakazi futhi aphikise ubufakazi obunikezwe bona. Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enamacala okweba, inkantolo izokhipha isigwebo ngokuhambisana ne-Federal Penal Code ye-UAE. Ubukhulu besijeziso buzoncika ezintweni ezifana nenani lempahla entshontshiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla noma udlame, kanye nokuthi icala elokuqala noma liphindelela. Izinhlawulo zingasukela ezinhlawulweni nasekuboshweni kuye ekudingisweni kwabantu okungezona i-UAE ezimweni zobugebengu obubucayi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kuyo yonke inqubo yezomthetho, amalungelo ommangalelwa kufanele agcinwe, okuhlanganisa nokuthathwa njengomsulwa kuze kutholakale ukuthi unecala, ilungelo lokumelwa ngokomthetho, kanye nelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma yisiphi isigwebo noma isigwebo.
