Kodi Criminal Law and Civil Law ndi Chiyani: Chidule Chachidule

Chilamulo ndi malamulo aboma ndi magulu awiri akuluakulu a malamulo omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Bukhuli lifotokoza zomwe mbali iliyonse ya malamulo imakhudza, momwe amasiyanirana, ndi chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika kuti anthu onse amvetse zonse.

Kodi Criminal Law ndi chiyani?

Chilamulo ndi gulu la malamulo omwe amachita nawo zolakwa ndipo amapereka chilango kwa olakwa. Kuphwanya malamulo aupandu kumawonedwa kukhala kowopsa kapena kovulaza anthu onse.

Zinthu zina zofunika kuzidziwa zokhudza malamulo ophwanya malamulo:

• Imayendetsedwa ndi boma kudzera mwa mabungwe azamalamulo monga apolisi, makhothi, machitidwe owongolera ndi mabungwe owongolera.
• Kuphwanya lamulo lachigawenga kungayambitse chindapusa, kuyesedwa, kugwira ntchito zapagulu kapena kumangidwa.
• Wotsutsa ayenera kutsimikizira "mopanda kukaikira koyenera" kuti wozengedwa mlanduyo adapalamula. Umboni wapamwamba umenewu ulipo kuti uteteze ufulu wa woimbidwa mlandu.
• Mitundu yamilandu zikuphatikizapo kuba, kumenyedwa, kuyendetsa galimoto ataledzera, nkhanza zapakhomo ndi kupha. Milandu yapakhola yoyera ngati kubera komanso kugulitsa anthu wamba kumagweranso pansi pa malamulo aupandu.

Maphwando Pamlandu Wachigawenga

Pali mbali zingapo zazikulu zomwe zikukhudzidwa pamlandu waupandu:

• Kuzenga milandu: Loya kapena gulu la maloya oimira boma. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa maloya achigawo kapena maloya aboma.
• Wotsutsa: Munthu kapena bungwe lomwe likuyang'anizana ndi milandu, nthawi zambiri limatchedwa woimbidwa mlandu. Oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu kwa loya komanso kunena kuti alibe mlandu mpaka atatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi wolakwa.
• Woweruza: Munthu amene amatsogolera bwalo lamilandu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo ndi ndondomeko zikutsatiridwa.
• Lamulo: M’milandu yoopsa kwambiri, gulu la nzika zopanda tsankho lidzamvetsera umboniwo ndi kuzindikira kuti ndi wolakwa kapena wosalakwa.

Magawo a Mlandu Wachigawenga

Mlandu waupandu nthawi zambiri umadutsa m'magawo awa:

1. Kumanga: Apolisi amasunga yemwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi wapalamula. Ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chomveka choti amangidwe.
2. Kusungitsa ndi Kubweza: Wozengedwa ali ndi milandu yokhazikitsidwa, "amadziwitsidwa" ndipo atha kukhala ndi mwayi wopereka belo kuti amasulidwe mlandu wawo usanachitike.
3. Kuyimbana: Woimbidwa mlandu akuimbidwa mlandu ndipo akukadandaula pamaso pa woweruza.
4. Zoyeserera Zoyeserera: Oyimira milandu atha kutsutsana ndi nkhani zamalamulo monga umboni wotsutsa kapena kupempha kusintha kwa malo.
5. Mayesero: Kuzenga mlandu ndi chitetezo kumapereka umboni ndi mboni kutsimikizira kuti ndi wolakwa kapena kutsimikizira kuti ndi wosalakwa.
6. Chilango: Ngati atapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa, woweruza amasankha chilango mkati mwa zigamulo zovomerezeka. Izi zingaphatikizepo chindapusa, kuyesedwa, kubweza kwa ozunzidwa, kutsekeredwa m'ndende kapenanso chilango cha imfa. Otsutsa akhoza kuchita apilo.

Kodi Civil Law ndi chiyani?

Pomwe malamulo aupandu amayang'ana kwambiri zaupandu kwa anthu, malamulo aboma imachita ndi mikangano yachinsinsi pakati pa anthu kapena mabungwe.

Nazi mwachidule:

• Zimakhudza milandu yosakhala yaupandu monga kusagwirizana pa tanthauzo la makontrakitala, mikangano yovulala, kapena kuphwanya mapangano obwereketsa.
• Muyezo wa umboni ndi wotsikirapo kuposa lamulo laupandu, lozikidwa pa “kuchulukirachulukira kwa umboni” m’malo mwa “mopanda kukaikira koyenera.”
• Amafuna kupereka chiwonongeko chandalama kapena zigamulo za khothi m'malo momangidwa, ngakhale chindapusa chingabwere.
• Zitsanzo ndi monga milandu yamilandu, mikangano ya lendi ndi eni nyumba, mikangano yosunga ana ndi milandu yophwanya ma patent.

Maphwando Pankhani Yachibadwidwe

Akuluakulu omwe ali pamilandu yachiwembu ndi awa:

• Wotsutsa: Munthu kapena bungwe lomwe limayimba mlandu. Iwo amati zowonongeka zinayambitsidwa ndi wotsutsa.
• Wotsutsa: Munthu kapena bungwe lomwe likuimbidwa mlandu, lomwe liyenera kuyankha kudandaula. Wotsutsa akhoza kuthetsa kapena kutsutsa zonenedweratuzo.
• Woweruza/Jury: Milandu yapachiŵeniŵeni ilibe zilango zaupandu, kotero palibe ufulu wotsimikizirika wozengedwa mlandu. Komabe, maphwando onsewa atha kupempha kuti apereke mlandu wawo pamaso pa oweruza omwe angatsimikizire kuti ali ndi mlandu kapena chiwonongeko. Oweruza amasankha mafunso okhudza malamulo oyenera.

Magawo a Mlandu Wachiwembu

Ndondomeko ya nthawi ya milandu ya anthu nthawi zambiri imatsatira ndondomeko izi:

1. Madandaulo Aperekedwa: Mlanduwo umayamba pomwe wodandaula akulemba zikalata, kuphatikiza tsatanetsatane wokhudza kuvulazidwa.
2. Njira Yotulukira: Gawo lotolera umboni lomwe lingaphatikizepo kuyika, kufunsa mafunso, kupanga zolemba ndi zopempha zovomerezeka.
3. Zoyeserera Zoyeserera: Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mlandu woweruza milandu, maphwando atha kupempha chigamulo kapena kusapezeka kwa umboni mlandu usanayambe.
4. Mayesero: Mbali iliyonse ikhoza kupempha kuzengedwa mlandu kwa benchi (woweruza yekha) kapena mlandu wa jury. Kuzengedwa mlandu sikukhala kovomerezeka poyerekeza ndi milandu.
5. Chiweruzo: Woweruza kapena jury amasankha ngati wozengedwayo ali ndi mlandu ndipo amapereka mphoto kwa wotsutsa ngati kuli koyenera.
6. Ndondomeko Yakudandaula: Gulu lolephera likhoza kuchita apilo chigamulochi ku khoti lalikulu ndikupempha kuti mlandu watsopano.

Kufananiza Makhalidwe a Criminal and Civil Law

Ngakhale kuti malamulo aupandu ndi apachiweniweni nthawi zina amadutsana m'malo ngati milandu yolanda katundu, amakhala ndi zolinga zosiyana ndipo amakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu:

Category	Chilamulo cha Milandu	Malamulo a boma
cholinga	Tetezani anthu ku makhalidwe oipa Kulanga anthu ophwanya malamulo a anthu	Konzani mikangano yachinsinsi Perekani chithandizo chandalama pazowonongeka
Maphwando Okhudzidwa	Ozenga milandu aboma vs wozengedwa mlandu	Woimba mlandu wachinsinsi vs wotsutsa
Mtolo wa Umboni	Mosakayikira	Kuchuluka kwa umboni
Zotsatira	Zindapusa, kuyesedwa, kumangidwa	Kuwonongeka kwa ndalama, malamulo a khoti
Kuyambitsa Ntchito	Apolisi amanga munthu woganiziridwa / boma likutsutsa milandu	Wodandaula amasumira madandaulo
Muyeso wa Zolakwa	Kuchita kunali mwadala kapena mosasamala kwambiri	Kusonyeza kusasamala ndikokwanira

Ngakhale milandu yachiwembu imapereka mphotho yandalama ngati woimbidwa mlandu apezeka kuti ali ndi mlandu, milandu yachigawenga imalanga zolakwa za anthu ndi chindapusa kapena kutsekeredwa m'ndende kuti aletse kuvulaza mtsogolo. Onsewa ali ndi udindo wofunikira koma wosiyana kwambiri pazachilungamo.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni Zapadziko Lonse

Zimathandizira kuyang'ana zitsanzo zenizeni zapadziko lapansi kuti muwone kugawanika pakati pa malamulo aboma ndi aupandu:

• OJ Simpson anakumana chigawenga milandu yakupha ndi kumenya - kuphwanya ntchito za boma kuti asaphe kapena kuvulaza. Iye anamasulidwa mumlandu koma analuza yapachiweniweni mlandu woperekedwa ndi mabanja a ozunzidwa, kumulamula kuti alipire mamiliyoni ambiri chifukwa cha kufa molakwika chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza.
• Martha Stewart adachita malonda amkati - a chigawenga mlandu woperekedwa ndi SEC. Anakumananso ndi a yapachiweniweni mlandu kuchokera kwa eni ake omwe amadzinenera kuti atayika kuchokera kuzinthu zosayenera.
• Kuyika a yapachiweniweni mlandu wovulazidwa womwe wawononga dalaivala woledzera yemwe wavulaza thupi pakugunda ungakhale wosiyana ndi chilichonse. chigawenga mlandu wazamalamulo kukakamiza dalaivala.

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Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsetsa Malamulo Aanthu ndi Zaupandu Ndi Nkhani

Nzika wamba amatha kuyanjana nthawi zambiri ndi malamulo aboma pankhani ngati makontrakitala, wilo, kapena ndondomeko za inshuwaransi kuposa malamulo aupandu. Komabe, kudziwa zoyambira za chilungamo chaupandu ndi njira zamakhothi amilandu kumalimbikitsa kutengapo gawo kwa anthu, kukonzekera moyo, komanso nkhani zapagulu zodziwitsidwa.

Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kugwira ntchito m'malamulo, kudziwa bwino za malamulo oyambira pazamalamulo ndi zaupandu kusukulu kumakonzekeretsa ophunzira kuti azitumikira anthu ndikupeza chilungamo kudzera m'maudindo osiyanasiyana monga kuyimira milandu, kukonza malo, kuwongolera boma, komanso kutsata makampani.

Pamapeto pake, gulu lophatikizana la malamulo apachiweniweni ndi aupandu limapanga gulu labata pomwe anthu amavomereza malamulo owonetsetsa chitetezo ndi kufanana. Kudziwa bwino dongosololi kumapatsa mphamvu nzika kuti zigwiritse ntchito ufulu ndi udindo wawo.

Zitengera Zapadera:

• Lamulo lachigawenga limalimbana ndi zolakwa zotsutsana ndi ubwino wa anthu zomwe zingapangitse kuti atsekedwe m'ndende - zolimbikitsidwa ndi boma kwa woimbidwa mlandu.
• Lamulo lachibadwidwe limayendetsa mikangano yachinsinsi yomwe imayang'ana pa ndalama zothandizira ndalama - zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi madandaulo pakati pa otsutsa ndi otsutsa.
• Ngakhale kuti amagwira ntchito mosiyana, malamulo ophwanya malamulo ndi apachiweniweni amathandizirana kuti asunge mgwirizano, chitetezo ndi bata.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi ndi zitsanzo zotani zodziwika bwino za milandu yamilandu?

Ena mwa milandu yomwe anthu amapalamula nthawi zambiri ndi monga kumenya, kuba, kuba, kuba, kutentha, kuba masitolo, kuba, kuzemba msonkho, malonda amkati, ziphuphu, milandu ya makompyuta, kupha anthu, kupha munthu, kugwiririra komanso kupezeka kapena kugawa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Ndi zotulukapo zotani zopezeka pamilandu?

Zilango zodziwika bwino zaupandu zimaphatikizapo kuyesedwa, ntchito zapagulu, upangiri wowongolera kapena kulembetsa pulogalamu yamaphunziro, kumangidwa kunyumba, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, kulandira chithandizo choyenera chamisala, chindapusa, kulandidwa katundu, komanso kutsekeredwa m'ndende kapena chilango chakupha. Mapangano a Plea amapereka chilimbikitso kwa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu kuti apewe kuweruzidwa posinthana ndi malingaliro ocheperako.

Ndi chitsanzo chotani cha mmene malamulo aupandu ndi chiwembu amachitira?

Chitsanzo ndi pamene munthu kapena kampani ikuchita zachinyengo, kuphwanya malamulo aupandu popereka bodza, kunena zabodza, kapena kuwononga ndalama. Oyang'anira atha kuyimba milandu yopempha kuti aphedwe ndi zilango monga nthawi yandende kapena kuthetsedwa kwamakampani. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ozunzidwa ndi khalidwe lachinyengo amatha kutsata milandu ya boma kuti abweze ndalama zomwe zatayika pazinthu monga chitetezo kapena chinyengo chawaya. Thandizo lachiwembu ndilosiyana ndi chilango chaupandu.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pamilandu yamilandu?

Pamilandu yachiwembu, wodandaulayo amadandaula za momwe adalakwiridwa, kupempha khothi kuti lipereke chiwonongeko chandalama kapena kulamula kuti woimbidwa mlandu asiye kuchita zoyipa. Kenako wozengedwayo amayankha kudandaula ndi mbali yawo. Asanazengedwe mlandu, maphwando amapeza kuti atole zikalata zoyenera ndi umboni. Pabwalo lamilandu kapena la oweruza palokha, mbali zonse ziwiri zimapereka umboni wotsimikizira zomwe zachitika kuti zitsimikizire kapena kutsutsa zonena zovulazidwa zomwe zikuyenera kulipidwa kapena kulowererapo kwa khothi.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati wina wataya mlandu wamba?

Zothetsera m'milandu yachiwembu nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa ndalama - kutanthauza kuti ngati wozengedwayo ataya, ayenera kulipira ndalama zotsimikizirika kwa wodandaula chifukwa cha zotayika zomwe adachita kapena kunyalanyaza. Kubweza mlandu usanayesedwe kumavomerezanso ndalama zolipirira. Kutaya oimbidwa mlandu omwe alibe luso lokwanira kulipira kungasonyeze kuti alibe ndalama. M'milandu ina yachiwembu monga kumenyera ufulu wa anthu, mikangano yamakampani kapena madandaulo ozunza - khoti litha kulamula njira zosagwirizana ndi ndalama monga kusamutsa ufulu wa katundu, kusintha kwa malamulo akampani kapena kuletsa malamulo m'malo mwa ndalama zambiri.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nthawi yandende ndi nthawi yandende?

Ndende nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza malo otsekera anthu am'deralo omwe amayendetsedwa ndi sheriff kapena dipatimenti ya apolisi kuti amange anthu omwe akuyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu kapena kukhala m'ndende zazifupi. Ndende ndi zipatala zanthawi yayitali kapena zaboma zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu omangidwa omwe amakhala ndi zilango zopitilira chaka chimodzi. Mandende amayendetsedwa komweko ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapulogalamu ochepa. Ngakhale kuti mikhalidwe imasiyanasiyana, ndende nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malo ochulukirapo a akaidi, mwayi wogwira ntchito komanso nthawi yosangalatsa yokhudzana ndi ndende zomwe zimayendetsedwa mwamphamvu.

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