Ukuqamba refers to the crime of falsifying a document, signature, banknote, artwork, or other item in order to deceive others. It is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant legal penalties. This article provides an in-depth examination of various forms of forgery recognized under UAE law, the corresponding legal provisions, and the severe punishments that await those found guilty of such offenses.
What is the Definition of Forgery under UAE Law?
Ukuqamba inqubo yokwenza, ukulungisa, noma ukulingisa izinto noma imibhalo ngenhloso yokukhohlisa. Kuhilela ukudala into engamanga ukuze uthole inzuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza imali yomgunyathi, ukwenza imisebenzi yobuciko engelona iqiniso, ukwenza amasiginesha emaphepheni asemthethweni, ukushintsha amasheke ukuze kwebiwe imali, nokunye okukhohlisayo. imisebenzi. It is defined under Federal Law No. 3 of 1987 (Penal Code) in Article 216.
Kunezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezivame ukuhlukanisa amakhophi kumakhophi noma izimpinda:
- Inhloso yokuqola noma ukukhohlisa - Ukukhohlisa kwenziwa ngenhloso embi kunokukhiqiza kabusha okusemthethweni.
- Ukumelwa okungamanga - Abaqambi bazothi umsebenzi wabo usemthethweni noma udalwe ngomunye umuntu.
- Ukuguqulwa kwevelu - Izinguquko zenziwa ukwandisa inani noma ukudala inzuzo ethile.
Ezinye izibonelo ezijwayelekile zezinto eziqondiswe ngu abaqambi include contracts, checks, currency, identification documents, historical artifacts, artworks, collectibles, and financial transaction records. The key point is that forgery usually involves official legal documents or instruments. Not every imitation qualifies as forgery – only those involving legal/money records falsified illegally.
What are the Different Types of Forgery Recognized in UAE?
Kunenqwaba yamasu asetshenziselwa ukudala ama-forgeries kuye ngohlobo lwento eyenziwe amanga. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zomgunyathi zihlanganisa:
Idokhumenti Forgery
Lokhu kuhilela ukudala amadokhumenti omgunyathi noma ukushintsha ulwazi kumadokhumenti asemthethweni ngezinhloso zokukhwabanisa. Okuhlosiwe okujwayelekile kuhlanganisa:
- Omazisi – Amalayisense okushayela, amaphasipoti, amakhadi okuphepha komphakathi.
- Imibhalo yezezimali - Amasheke, ama-oda okukhokha, izicelo zemalimboleko.
- Amaphepha omthetho - Izinkontileka, izincwadi zefa, izenzo, amarekhodi abafundi.
Amasu ajwayelekile ahlanganisa umgunyathi, ukushintshwa kwekhasi, ukubeka umbhalo omusha phezu kwemibhalo yangempela, ukusula noma ukwengeza ulwazi, ukulandelela amasiginesha akweminye imibhalo.
I-Signature Forgery
Umgunyathi wesiginesha igxile kakhulu ekwenzeni amanga igama lothile elibhalwe ngesandla. Okuhlosiwe okujwayelekile kuhlanganisa:
- Uhlola - Ukushintsha inani, igama lomuntu okhokhelwayo, noma isiginesha yekhabethe lokuqamba.
- Imibhalo esemthethweni - Ukwenza amasiginesha kumafa, izinkontileka, amatayitela.
- Umsebenzi wobuciko - Ukwengeza amasiginesha mbumbulu ukukhulisa inani.
- Izinto zomlando - Ukuqamba amanga izinto ngezibalo ezidumile.
Abaqambi funda ukulingisa ngokucophelela izici ezifana nobujamo bezinhlamvu, isigqi sepeni, ukuhleleka kohlangothi kanye nokucindezela.
Umgunyathi
Umgunyathi kuhlanganisa ukwenza izifaniso zomgunyathi zezinto ezibalulekile ngenhloso yokuqola amabhizinisi nabathengi. Okuqondiwe kufaka phakathi:
- Currency - Iningi lomgunyathi - izikweletu ezingama- $ 100 e-US. Kufika ku-$70 million ukusatshalaliswa.
- Izimpahla zikanokusho - Izingubo zomklami, amawashi, ubucwebe buyakopishwa.
- Amakhadi esikweletu/edebhithi - Ingaphinda ngedatha eyebiwe.
- Amathikithi - Ukuhamba okungelona iqiniso, amathikithi omcimbi athengiswa ku-inthanethi.
Amaphrinta ayinkimbinkimbi nezici ezintsha zokuphepha zenza imigunyathi yesimanje ikholeke kakhulu.
I-Art Forgery
Umgunyathi wobuciko ibhekisela ekudaleni imisebenzi efana naleyo yamaciko adumile futhi ayidlulisele njengemidwebo yasekuqaleni noma ezibaziweyo. Izisusa zihlanganisa ukuvelela, ukuqinisekiswa, kanye nenzuzo enkulu evela kubaqoqi bezobuciko abazimisele ukukhokha izizumbulu zemali yezingcezu ezingavamile, ezilahlekile.
Abaqambi anikele iminyaka ecwaninga ngezinto zokwakha, amasu nezitayela zamaciko. Abaningi banethalente elikhulu lobuciko ngokwabo, bafunda ngokucophelela amaphethini wokushaywa unhlangothi, amaphethini okudweba, amaphethini okupenda okudweba nokuphindaphinda ama-fake angakhohlisa ochwepheshe abaphezulu.
I-Digital Media Forgery
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kwenze ukuthi imidiya yedijithali iqambe amanga okuhlanganisa izithombe, ividiyo, umsindo, amawebhusayithi nokunye. Ukunyuka kwe deepfakes ibonisa amasu anamandla aqhutshwa yi-AI okudala amavidiyo mbumbulu akholisayo abantu abazenzayo noma abasho izinto abangakaze bazenze.
Amanye amasu ajwayelekile ahlanganisa izithombe ze-photoshopping, ukukhohlisa iziqeshana zomsindo, amawebhusayithi e-spoofing, ukushintsha amadokhumenti askeniwe, noma ukwenza izithombe-skrini namalogo. Lokhu kungasetshenziselwa ukunyundela, imininingwane engamanga, ukuhlasela kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, ukweba imininingwane yakho kanye nemikhonyovu ye-inthanethi.
Seal Forgery
Seal forgery is a specific type of forgery that involves the unauthorized creation, replication, or alteration of official seals or stamps used by government entities, organizations, or businesses. These seals serve as a means of validating the authenticity and legitimacy of important documents, contracts, certificates, and other official records.
The gravity of seal forgery lies in its potential to undermine the credibility and integrity of these essential documents. By creating counterfeit seals or modifying existing ones, perpetrators can produce forged documents that appear genuine, potentially leading to legal, financial, or reputational consequences for individuals or organizations.
What is the difference Between Forgery and Falsification?
| aspect | Ukuqamba | Ukuqamba amanga |
|---|---|---|
| Incazelo | Creating a false document, object or imitation from scratch with intent to deceive or defraud, as defined in Article 216 of the UAE Penal Code. | Altering or tampering with an originally genuine document or object in order to misrepresent facts, as per Article 215. |
| Izibonelo | Counterfeiting currency, fake university degrees, forged artwork, false identities or signatures. | Modifying official reports, changing contract terms, adulterating product labels or specifications. |
| Inhloso | Clear intent to deceive by creating something completely false. | Intent to misrepresent the truth by altering genuine items. |
| Izijeziso | Temporary imprisonment and/or fine. For expatriates, deportation may apply in some cases. | Detention, fine and/or deportation depending on severity. Harsher for public officials. |
| Ukuhlangana | If falsification occurs during the forgery process, both crimes are punishable separately. | If forgery is part of the falsification process, both are considered one crime with combined penalty. |
| Izibonelo | Some exemptions for artworks, satire or when no fraudulent intent. | Very limited exemptions apply. |
| Other Crimes | Often linked to fraud, using forged documents, etc. | May also involve abuse of office or other violations. |
The main distinction is that forgery starts from scratch to create something completely false, while falsification deceitfully modifies genuine documents or objects. UAE laws address both crimes severely to uphold integrity.
What are the Punishments for Forgery in UAE?
Forgery offenses in the UAE are dealt with sternly, and penalties can be severe based on the type of crime committed. Here are the potential punishments for selected forgery offenses:
Idokhumenti Forgery
- For official documents: Temporary jail time up to 10 years (UAE Penal Code Article 251)
- For unofficial documents: Court-determined imprisonment, less severe than official document forgery
- Using forged document copies: Up to 5 years behind bars (UAE Penal Code Article 217)
I-Signature Forgery
- Replicating signatures on documents falls under the punishments for document forgery crimes
Umgunyathi
- Counterfeiting currency is considered highly disruptive to the financial system
- Harsh sentences including lengthy imprisonment and steep fines apply
I-Art Forgery
- Penalties vary based on the value of the forged artwork and intent (deceiving buyers, tarnishing artist’s reputation)
- Can range from monetary fines to incarceration, depending on the specifics
I-Digital Media Forgery
- Under Federal Decree-Law No. 34/2021:
- Forging federal/local govt electronic documents: Temporary jail time and AED 150,000-750,000 fine
- Forging documents of other entities: Detention and/or AED 100,000-300,000 fine
Seal Forgery
- Considered part of document forgery offenses
- Subject to the punishments outlined for document forgery crimes
It’s clear the UAE takes a zero-tolerance approach to any kind of forgery, with penalties aimed at preventing such unlawful acts that undermine authenticity and trust.
Ukuvimbela Forgeries
Ukunciphisa izehlakalo zokukhwabanisa kudinga ukuvimbela okuphelele, okunezingqimba okugxile kulokhu:
Ukuvikela Amadokhumenti
- Gcina izinto ezibucayi ngokuphephile - izisefo, amabhokisi okukhiya, amadrayivu abethelwe.
- Khawulela ukufinyelela ngokomzimba/kwedijithali ngamahhovisi akhiyiwe, izinqubomgomo zephasiwedi.
- Sebenzisa amakhamera wokugada, ama-alamu, abasebenzi bezokuphepha.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa
- I-Biometrics - ukuqashelwa kweminwe, ubuso kanye ne-iris.
- I-Blockchain – ileja esabalalisiwe yokuthengiselana ngedijithali.
- Amasiginesha edijithali – izihlonzi ezibethelwe eziqinisekisa ubuqiniso.
Imfundo yomsebenzisi
- Qeqesha abasebenzi ukuze babone ama-forgeries - bona amadokhumenti ashintshiwe, ama-watermark, izimpawu zokuqinisekisa.
- Khuthaza imikhankaso yokuqwashisa ngokukhwabanisa echaza ubungozi nezinqubomgomo zokuvimbela.
Ukuqasha Ngokucophelela
- Hlola ngokucophelela abasebenzi ngaphambi kokunikeza idokhumenti noma ukufinyelela kwezezimali.
- Yenza amasheke angemuva kobugebengu, ukuhlola izikweletu, ukuqinisekisa ukuqashwa.
Amasu Okuthola Umgunyathi
Amasu amaningana e-forensic asetshenziswa abaphenyi namadokhumenti abahloli ukuthola ukuthi izinto ziyiqiniso noma ama-forgeries:
- Ukuhlaziywa kokubhala ngesandla - Ukuqhathanisa amafonti, ama-slants, amaphethini wokushaywa unhlangothi, ingcindezi nemikhuba yokusayina.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwephepha - Ukufunda ama-watermark, ama-logo, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nokuqondanisa kwe-fiber.
- Ukuqinisekisa kukayinki - Umbala wokuhlola, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukushuba okuhlanganisiwe.
- Ukucabanga - Imakroskopu, i-spectrometry, izivivinyo ze-ESDA kanye nesoftware yokuthwebula yekhompyutha.
Ukubhala ngesandla kanye nedokhumenti Ochwepheshe thola ukuqeqeshwa okubanzi ukuze uhlaziye ngokuhlelekile izici zokubhala nezici zokuphepha zemodemu. Banikeza imibiko enemininingwane ngezivivinyo zabo neziphetho eziphathelene nobuqiniso.
Ngemisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu ebiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane noma esebenza ngemvelaphi engabazekayo, abanikazi basebenzisa ukuhlaziya kwesayensi ukuze baqinisekise umsuka futhi bembule okungenzeka ama-forgeries. Ukuhlola ukuhlola izinto zokwakha, ukungcola kweminyaka yobudala kanye nezendlalelo ze-grime, izitembu zekhanvasi, ukuphola kwe-radioisotope kanye nengxenye ye-spectroscopy ye-infrared ehlola izingqimba eziningi zopende.
What is the Procedure for Filing a Forgery Case in Dubai?
If you suspect that you are a victim of forgery in Dubai, you can file a case with the Dubai Police. The first step is to go to the nearest police station and file an official complaint. Be prepared to provide details about the incident, any evidence you may have, such as forged documents or objects, and any information about the suspected perpetrator(s).
After lodging the complaint, the police will investigate the matter thoroughly. They may request additional documentation or evidence from you, and may also summon the accused for questioning. Depending on the complexity of the case, the investigation process can take some time.
Once the police have gathered sufficient evidence, they will forward the case to the Public Prosecution. The prosecutor will then review the case and decide whether to press charges or not. If charges are filed, the case will proceed to the Dubai Courts, where it will be tried according to the UAE’s laws on forgery. It’s advisable to seek legal counsel to guide you through the judicial process.
How a Specialized Lawyer can help?
Navigating a forgery case in the UAE can be an intricate and daunting process, given the serious nature of the offense and the complexities involved in the country’s legal system. Seeking assistance from a lawyer who specializes in handling forgery cases can prove to be invaluable in such situations.
A specialized lawyer will possess in-depth knowledge and a thorough understanding of the relevant laws, court procedures, and evidentiary requirements specific to forgery offenses. They can provide expert guidance on building a strong case, gathering and presenting evidence effectively, and representing you competently in court. Their familiarity with the nuances of such cases can be crucial in formulating the right legal strategies.
Moreover, an experienced forgery lawyer can offer valuable insights into the potential outcomes and consequences of the case, enabling you to make informed decisions. They can also negotiate with the authorities on your behalf, advocate for your rights, and ensure that the legal process is fair and transparent. Their expertise in handling similar cases can significantly increase your chances of achieving a favorable resolution.
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