I-United Arab Emirates (UAE) sisizwe esincinci, kodwa esinelifa lembali elityebileyo elibuyela emva kumawaka eminyaka. Ifumaneka kwikona ekumzantsi mpuma wePeninsula yaseArabia, lo mdibaniso we-emirates ezisixhenxe - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah kunye neFujairah - iguqule ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ukusuka kwindawo eyintlango ehlala izizwe zamaBedouin ezihlala zihamba. uluntu oludlamkileyo, olunamazwe ngamazwe kunye noqoqosho olunamandla.
Yintoni iMbali ye-United Arab Emirates
Ummandla esiwaziyo ngoku njenge-UAE ibiyeyona ndlela ichuliweyo yokudibanisa iAfrika, iAsia kunye neYurophu kwinkulungwane yeminyaka, inobungqina bezinto zakudala obubonisa ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ukusukela kwiStone Age. Ukutyhubela amadala, iimpucuko ezahlukahlukeneyo zaziwulawula lo mmandla ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kuquka amaBhabhiloni, amaPersi, amaPhuthukezi namaBritani. Nangona kunjalo, yayikukufunyanwa kweoyile ngeminyaka yee-1950s okwathi ngenene kwangenisa ixesha elitsha lempumelelo kunye nophuhliso lwee-emirate.
I-UAE yayifumana nini inkululeko?
Emva kokufumana inkululeko kwiBritane ngo-1971, i-UAE yaphucuka ngokukhawuleza phantsi komlawuli wayo owasekayo, uSheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka amafutshane, izixeko ezifana ne-Abu Dhabi kunye ne-Dubai zitshintshile ukusuka kwiilali zokuloba ezilalayo ukuya kwii-megapolis zangoku, eziphakamileyo. Nangona kunjalo iinkokheli ze-Emirates zisebenze ngokungadinwayo ukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yama-Arabhu kunye nezithethe kunye nokukhula koqoqosho kumangalisayo. Namhlanje, i-United Arab Emirates ime njengendawo yehlabathi kushishino, urhwebo, ukhenketho kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Nangona kunjalo, imbali yayo ityhila ibali elinomtsalane lokomelela, umbono, kunye nobuchule bomntu boyisa imiceli mngeni yemekobume enzima yasentlango ukudala esinye sezizwe ezinamandla kakhulu kuMbindi Mpuma.
Ingakanani iminyaka ye-UAE njengelizwe?
I-United Arab Emirates (UAE) lilizwe elincinci ngokwentelekiso, elifumene inkululeko kwiBritane kwaye lenziwe ngokusesikweni njengesizwe nge-2 kaDisemba, 1971.
Iinyani eziphambili malunga nobudala kunye nokusekwa kwe-UAE:
- Phambi kowe-1971, ummandla ngoku oquka i-UAE wawusaziwa ngokuba ziiTrucial States, ingqokelela yeesheikhdoms ecaleni konxweme lwePersian Gulf eyayiphantsi kokhuseleko lwaseBritane ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-19.
- NgoDisemba 2, 1971, ezintandathu kwi-emirates ezisixhenxe - i-Abu Dhabi, i-Dubai, i-Sharjah, i-Ajman, i-Umm Al Quwain, kunye ne-Fujairah - idibaniswe ukudala i-United Arab Emirates.
- I-emirate yesixhenxe, uRas Al Khaimah, wajoyina i-UAE federation ngoFebruwari 1972, egqibezela i-emirates ezisixhenxe ezenza i-UAE yangoku.
- Ke ngoko, i-UAE ibhiyozele iminyaka engama-50 njengesizwe esimanyeneyo nge-2 kaDisemba, 2021, iphawula isiqingatha senkulungwane ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo ngo-1971.
- Ngaphambi kokumanyana ngo-1971, i-emirates nganye yayineembali ezisusela kumakhulu eminyaka, kunye neentsapho ze-Al Nahyan kunye ne-Al Maktoum ezilawula i-Abu Dhabi kunye ne-Dubai ngokulandelelanayo ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-18.
Yayinjani i-UAE ngaphambi kokusekwa kwayo ngo-1971?
Phambi kokudityaniswa kwayo ngo-1971, ummandla ngoku obizwa ngokuba yi-United Arab Emirates ubuqulathe iisheikhdom ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo okanye ii-emirates ezaziwa ngokuba zii-Trucial States.
Ezi sheikhdoms zazikho kangangeenkulungwane phantsi kolawulo oluguqukayo ngamagunya obukhosi ahlukeneyo afana namaPhuthukezi, amaDatshi, namaBritane. Babephila ngengeniso yokurhweba ngeeperile, ukuloba, ukuzulazula, norhwebo oluthile lwaselwandle.
Amanye amanqaku aphambili malunga nommandla we-UAE wangaphambi ko-1971:
- Lo mmandla wawunabemi abambalwa kakhulu zizizwe zamaBedouin ezingoonothwal’ impahlana kunye neelali ezincinane zokuloba/iiperile ezigudle unxweme.
- Ngenxa yemozulu embi esentlango, umbindi welizwe wawungenandawo yakuhlala isigxina okanye ukulima ngaphandle kweedolophu ezikwindawo esemaphandleni.
- Uqoqosho lwalusekelwe kwimisebenzi yokuziphilisa efana nokuntywila kweeperile, ukuloba, ukwalusa, kunye norhwebo olusisiseko.
- I-emirate nganye yayibubukhosi obupheleleyo obulawulwa yishekh evela kwenye yeentsapho ezidumileyo zengingqi.
- Kwakukho iziseko ezingundoqo zangoku okanye uphuhliso olukhoyo ngaphambi kokuba ukuthunyelwa kweoli ngaphandle kuqale ngo-1960.
- I-Abu Dhabi kunye neDubai yayiziidolophu ezingaphantsi kakhulu xa zithelekiswa nodumo lwazo lwangoku njengezixeko.
- I-Bhritane igcine izikhuseli zomkhosi kunye nolawulo olukhululekileyo lwezopolitiko kwimicimbi yangaphandle yaMazwe eNyaniso.
Ke ngokwenyani, i-UAE yangaphambi ko-1971 yayiyingqokelela eyahluke kakhulu yee-sheikhdom zezizwe ezingaphuhliswanga ngaphambi kokusekwa kwesizwe sanamhlanje kunye nenguqu emandla eqhutywa bubutyebi be-oyile emva kweminyaka yoo-1960.
Yeyiphi imiceli mngeni emikhulu kwixa elidlulileyo le-UAE?
Nantsi eminye yemiceli mngeni emikhulu i-UAE ejongene nayo kwixesha layo elidlulileyo nangexesha lokusekwa kwayo:
Ubume beNdalo obungqwabalala
- I-UAE imi kwindawo eyinkqantosi eyinkqantosi, eyenza ukuba ukusinda kunye nophuhliso kube nzima kakhulu phambi kwamaxesha anamhlanje.
- Ukunqongophala kwamanzi, ukunqongophala komhlaba olimekayo, kunye namaqondo obushushu atshisayo abangela imicelimngeni eqhubekayo yokuhlaliswa kwabantu kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho.
Uqoqosho lokuziphilisa
- Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthunyelwa kweoyile kumazwe angaphandle, lo mmandla wawunoqoqosho lokuziphilisa olusekelwe kwiperile yokuntywila, ukuloba, ukufuya abahambi, kunye norhwebo olulinganiselweyo.
- Kwakukho ishishini elincinci, iziseko ezingundoqo okanye uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwanamhlanje de ingeniso ye-oyile ivumeleke ukuguqulwa ngokukhawuleza ukuqala kwi-1960s.
Izahlulo zezizwe
- I-7 emirates ngokwembali yayilawulwa njengeeshekhdoms ezahlukeneyo ngamaqela ezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neentsapho ezilawulayo.
- Ukumanyanisa ezi zizwe zahlukene zibe sisizwe esimanyeneyo kwavelisa imiqobo yezobupolitika neyenkcubeko ekwakufuneka yoyiswe.
Impembelelo yaseBritani
- Njengamazwe aNyango, i-emirates yayiphantsi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko lwaseBritane kunye nefuthe ngaphambi kwenkululeko ngo-1971.
- Ukuseka ulawulo olupheleleyo ngelixa ulawula ukuhamba kwemikhosi yaseBritane kunye nabacebisi yayingumngeni wenguqu.
Ukudalwa kwesazisi seSizwe
- Ukunyanzeliswa kwesazisi se-Emirati sesizwe esahlukileyo kunye nobumi ngelixa kuhlonitshwa amasiko eemirates ezisi-7 ezahlukeneyo kufuna ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ngononophelo.
- Ukuphuhlisa ubuzwe be-UAE obugqwesileyo kwintembeko yesizwe/yengingqi kwaba ngumqobo wokuqala.
Zeziphi iziganeko eziphambili kwimbali ye-UAE?
| 1758 | Intsapho yase-Al Nahyan igxotha imikhosi yasePersi kwaye ibeka ulawulo phezu kwengingqi yase-Abu Dhabi, iqala ukulawula kwayo. |
| 1833 | I-Perpetual Maritime Truce izisa i-Trucial States phantsi kokhuselo nempembelelo yaseBritane. |
| 1930s | Oovimba bokuqala be-oyile bafunyanwa kwi-Trucial States, ibeka inqanaba lobutyebi bexesha elizayo. |
| 1962 | Ukuthunyelwa kwe-oyile ekrwada kumazwe angaphandle kuqala ukusuka e-Abu Dhabi, kuzisa inguqu kwezoqoqosho. |
| 1968 | I-Bhritane ibhengeza izicwangciso zokuphelisa ubudlelwane babo bomnqophiso kunye ne-Trucial States. |
| Disemba 2, 1971 | I-emirates ezintandathu (i-Abu Dhabi, i-Dubai, i-Sharjah, i-Ajman, i-Umm Al Quwain, i-Fujairah) idibanisa ngokusemthethweni ukudala i-United Arab Emirates. |
| February 1972 | I-emirate yesixhenxe yeRas Al Khaimah ijoyina umanyano lwe-UAE. |
| 1973 | I-UAE ijoyina i-OPEC kwaye ibona ukungena okukhulu kweengeniso zeoyile emva kwengxaki yeoli. |
| 1981 | USekela Mongameli we-UAE uSheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum uqalisa isicwangciso sobuchule sokuguqula uqoqosho ngaphaya kweoyile. |
| 2004 | I-UAE ibambe ipalamente yayo yokuqala eyonyulwe ngokuyinxenye kunye nolonyulo lwequmrhu labacebisi. |
| 2020 | I-UAE isungula uthumo lwayo lokuqala kuMars, iHope orbiter, iqinisa amabhongo ayo kwindawo. |
| 2021 | I-UAE ibhiyozela iminyaka engama-50 yokusekwa kwayo kwaye ibhengeza isicwangciso sezoqoqosho se-50 esilandelayo. |
Ezi ziganeko ziqaqambisa imvelaphi yommandla weTrucial, impembelelo yaseBritane, imida ephambili kumanyano lwe-UAE kunye nophuhliso oluxhaswe yi-oyile, kunye neenzame zayo zamva nje zokwahluka kunye nempumelelo yendawo.
Yayingoobani abantu abaphambili kwimbali ye-UAE?
- USheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan - Uyise oyintloko owaba nguMongameli wokuqala we-UAE kwi-1971 emva kokuba sele elawula u-Abu Dhabi ukususela ngo-1966. Wadibanisa i-emirates kwaye wakhokela ilizwe kwiminyaka yokuqala.
- USheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum - Umlawuli onamandla wase-Dubai owachasa ekuqaleni umanyano lwe-UAE kodwa kamva wajoyina njenge-Vice-President kwi-1971. Wanceda ukuguqula i-Dubai ibe yindawo enkulu yoshishino.
- USheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan - UMongameli okhoyo, waphumelela uyise uSheikh Zayed kwi-2004 kwaye uye waqhubeka nokuhlukahluka kwezoqoqosho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso.
- USheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum - Inkulumbuso yangoku, uSekela Mongameli kunye nomlawuli waseDubai, uye wongamela ukukhula okugqabhukileyo kweDubai njengesixeko sehlabathi ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-2000.
- USheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi - Oyena mlawuli ixesha elide, walawula uRas Al Khaimah ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 ukuya kutsho ngo-2010 kwaye wayichasa impembelelo yaseBritani.
Yeyiphi indima eyadlalwa yioyile ekubumbeni imbali ye-UAE?
- Ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kwe-oli, lo mmandla wawungaphuhliswanga kakhulu, unoqoqosho lokuziphilisa olusekelwe ekulobeni, iiperile kunye norhwebo olusisiseko.
- Ngeminyaka yee-1950-60s, iidiphozithi ezinkulu ze-oyile elwandle zaqala ukusetyenziswa, zibonelela ngobutyebi obuninzi obuxhasa ngemali iziseko zophuhliso, uphuhliso kunye neenkonzo zentlalontle.
- Ingeniso yeoli ivumele i-UAE ukuba iphucuke ngokukhawuleza emva kokufumana inkululeko, iguquka ukusuka kumanzi angasemva ahlwempuzekileyo ukuya kwisizwe esityebileyo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka.
- Nangona kunjalo, ubunkokeli be-UAE bukwabonile ukuba ioyile inesiphelo kwaye isebenzise ingeniso ukwahlula uqoqosho kukhenketho, ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya, izindlu kunye neenkonzo.
- Ngelixa ingasaxhomekekanga kuphela kwi-oyile, impumelelo eziswe kukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-hydrocarbon yaba yeyona nto yenza ukuba i-UAE inyuke kuqoqosho lwemeteoric kunye nophuculo.
Ke ubutyebi be-oyile yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokutshintsha umdlalo owaphakamisa i-emirates kubuhlwempu kwaye wavumela umbono wabaseki be-UAE ukuba uphunyezwe ngokukhawuleza emva ko-1971.
I-UAE iye yavela njani ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokwenkcubeko, uqoqosho, kunye noluntu?
Ngokwenkcubeko, i-UAE iligcinile ilifa layo lama-Arabhu kunye namaSilamsi ngelixa isamkela imo yangoku. Iinqobo zemveli ezifana nokubuka iindwendwe zihamba kunye nokuvuleleka kwezinye iinkcubeko. Ngokoqoqosho, yatshintsha ukusuka kuqoqosho lokuziphilisa ukuya kwindawo yorhwebo yengingqi kunye nokhenketho oluxhaswa bubutyebi be-oyile kunye nokwahlukana. Ngokwentlalo, izizwe kunye neentsapho ezandisiweyo zihlala zibalulekile kodwa uluntu luye lwafudukela ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza njengoko abaphambukeli bebaninzi kunabemi basekhaya.
Imbali ye-UAE iyichaphazele njani imeko ekuyo ngoku?
Imbali ye-UAE njengendawo yesizwe esiyintlango phantsi kwempembelelo yaseBritane yabumba amaziko ayo angoku kunye nesazisi. Inkqubo yomanyano ilungelelanisa ukuzimela okufunwa ziisheikhdoms ezisi-7 zangaphambili. Iintsapho ezilawulayo zigcina igunya lezopolitiko ngelixa zikhokela uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Ukusebenzisa ubutyebi be-oyile ukuze kwakhiwe uqoqosho lwezorhwebo olwahlukeneyo kubonakalisa izifundo ekuwohlokeni kweshishini leperile kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Zeziphi ezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zembali onokuzityelela kwi-UAE?
I-Al Fahidi Historical Neighborhood (i-Dubai) - Le ndawo yenqaba ehlaziyiweyo ibonisa izakhiwo zendabuko kunye neemyuziyam kwilifa le-Emirati. Qasr Al Hosn (Abu Dhabi) - Esona sakhiwo sidala samatye e-Abu Dhabi esisukela kwi-1700s, eyayisakuba likhaya kwintsapho elawulayo. I-Archaeological Site yaseMleiha (Sharjah) - Iintsalela zendawo yokuhlala yabantu yamandulo kunye namangcwaba kunye nezinto zakudala ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-7,000. I-Fujairah Fort (Fujairah) -Inqaba ebuyiselweyo eyakhiwe ngamaPhuthukezi ukusuka kwi-1670 ejonge ezona ndawo zidala zedolophu.
